Progress in the Utilization of Urea as a Protein Replacer for Ruminants. A Review

Helmer, L.G.; Bartley, E.E.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85776-4

Cited by 85 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…The quantity of sucrose or its fermentation products in sugar-beet silage could produce acidosis in the ruminant (Krohg, 1959) but no syndromes of such an illness were observed. According to Helmer & Bartley (1971) 0.3-0-5 g urea/kg BW could cause ammonia toxicity. In our experiment the amount of urea in the daily rations exceeded the toxic doses but no signs of toxicity were observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of feeding sugar-beet silage and non-protein-N on rumen and blood metabolites in bulls

et al. 1980

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I . The purpose of the experiments was to determine, certain properties of the metabolism of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates in the rumen and tissues of growing bulls which were given either a diet containing sugar-beet silage, a urea-mineral preparation and hay or a control diet with maize silage, ground barley and hay. Daily rations were given in two equal portions twice daily at 0 7 m hours and 13.00 hours. The experiment lasted 182 d.2. The experimental diet containing 0.54 g urea and 5.0 g saccharose/kg body-weight did not cause any symptoms of toxicity in the animals although there were large changes in the concentration of metabolites in the forestomach. The lowest pH (6.2-6.4) in the rumen of animals in the experimental group was observed 1.5 h after feeding. At the same time the highest level of lactic acid was observed, but the highest level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was observed 3 h after feeding. Although there was a large increase in ammonia in the rumen contents (approximately 20 mmol/l a t 1.5 h after feeding) an increase in the blood level of ammonia was not observed. 3. A lower level of acetic acid and higher level of butyric acid and valeric acid were observed in the rumen of animals given sugar-beet silage than in animals given maize silage and ground barley. Non-glucogenic ratio of VFA in the rumen of bulls after feeding the experimental diet was approximately 3.5 while on the control diet the value was considerably higher.4. The causes of the low concentration of glucose in the blood and changes in other metabolites in the blood of experimental animals are discussed. The main purpose of the present experiment was to investigate rumen metabolism and its influence on tissue metabolism in bulls given sugar-beet silage and a urea-mineral concentrate as the main sources of energy and nitrogen respectively. E X P E R I M E N T A L AnimalsBlack and White Lowland bulls weighing an average of 231 kg, divided into three groups of five were fed three different diets for 182 d. Group I was given sugar-beet silage, urea-mineral concentrate and hay, group 2 was given sugar-beet silage, ground barley, urea-mineral concentrate and hay, group 3 was given maize silage, ground barley urea-mineral concentrate and hay. All diets were equalized with regard to crude protein (nitrogen ~6 . 2 5 ) content

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of feeding sugar-beet silage and non-protein-N on rumen and blood metabolites in bulls

et al. 1980

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“…The presence of AST in many tissues makes this serum enzyme a nonspecific but sensitive marker of soft tissue damage, but precludes its use as an organ-specific enzyme, and although CK is a best marker for detect muscle damage, AST is frequently used to complement CK changes (Kaneko et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the serum CK activity can be very high after a muscular injury its half life is very short approximately 2 to 4h, conversely the serum AST activity is lower but its half life longer, about 3d. Thus to monitor any striated muscle injuries it is recommended to analyze serum CK activity complemented with AST (Kaneko et al, 1997). To evaluate liver damage in adult cattle both serum gamma glutamyltransferase (γGT) and AST levels are proposed, while the serum increase of AST can be unspecific the γGT is primarily seen elevated only in liver diseases (Kaneko et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preformed proteins are expensive and mainly used to human nutrition so the cheapest way to supplement protein to cattle is through the use of nonproteic nitrogen (NPN) (Froslie, 1977). The less expensive and most important source of NNP nowadays is urea, which can replace up to 35% of ration protein nitrogen for ruminants (Helmer and Bartley, 1971). More than 20 million Brazilian beef and dairy cattle are supplemented with urea yearly (Kitamura et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia poisoning causes muscular but not liver damage in cattle

Antonelli

Torres

Soares

et al. 2007

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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Twelve steers were intraruminally administered a high dose (0.5g/kg BW) of urea to study the damage effect of ammonia poisoning on liver and/or muscles. Blood samples were collected to determine ammonia and activities of γGT, AST and CK. Eleven steers were successfully poisoned and treated properly, but one succumbed. Poisoned cattle showed high concentration of ammonia, and higher activities of AST and CK. The higher the ammonia, the greater were the activities of AST (r=0.59) and CK (r=0.61). The correlation between AST and CK was high and significant (r=0.80), but not between AST and γGT (r=0.19). The activities of AST and CK were higher after the beginning of the convulsive episodes due to ammonia poisoning. Those results showed that occurred muscle damage instead of liver damage since CK is a typical enzyme from skeletal muscle; AST is found either in skeletal muscle and hepatocytes, while γGT is present in hepatic cells.Keywords: cattle, ammonia poisoning, urea, muscle damage, liver AST (r=0,59) Palavras-chave: bovino, intoxicação por amônia, uréia, lesão muscular, fígado RESUMO Doze novilhos foram experimentalmente intoxicados por administração intrarruminal com alta dose de uréia (0,5g/kg PV) para estudar o efeito da intoxicação por uréia sobre o fígado e/ou musculatura. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue no decorrer do experimento para determinar o teor de amônia e as atividades de gama glutamiltransferase (γGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina quinase (CK). Onze novilhos apresentaram quadro clínico típico de intoxicação por amônia, porém um animal sucumbiu. Animais intoxicados apresentaram alto teor de amônia e elevada atividade de CK e AST. Quanto mais elevados foram os teores de amônia maiores foram as atividades de

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“…Kombinasi bahan pakan dengan urea sebagai sumber NPN yang dapat digunakan adalah produk amoniasi seperti amoniasi dengan penambahan molasses (King et al 1957;Preston et al, 1976;Brown, 1990;Yitbarek and Tamir, 2014), amoniasi citrus pulp Brown and Johnson (1991); Rihani et al (1993), amoniasi beet (Seiden and Pfander 2013) dan garam ammonium seperti diammonium phosphate (DAP) (Helmer and Bartley, 1971;Saha et al, 2012;Meena et al, 2013) dan monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (Fisher, 1978;Islam et al, 2016). Meskipun memiliki kelemahan, namun sumber NPN yang paling umum digunakan pada pakan ternak adalah urea karena sumber NPN selain urea memiliki toksisitas lebih besar, biaya lebih tinggi dan palatabilitas lebih rendah (Dass and Kundu, 1994;Sarnklong et al, 2010).…”

Section: Sumber Non-protein Nitrogen (Npn)unclassified

Urea : Manfaat Pada Ruminansia

Yanuartono¹,

Nururrozi²,

Indarjulianto³

et al. 2018

JIIP

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ABSTRAK:Masalah pemberian pakan pada ruminansia telah mendapat banyak perhatian di daerah tropis. Sebagian besar ruminansia mendapatkan pakan jerami berkualitas rendah, limbah tanaman pertanian dan industri. Saat ini urea telah banyak tersedia dan digunakan sebagai sumber amonia untuk memperbaiki nilai nutrisi dari berbagai macam hijauan serta limbah tanaman. Lebih lanjut, penambahan urea sebagai suplemen relatif mudah penanganannya untuk diaplikasikan, murah dan bermanfaat sebagai pengganti protein alami dalam ransum. Meskipun penggunaan urea sebagai suplemen pakan memiliki potensi keuntungan ekonomi sebagai sumber N, namun memiliki kelemahan dan keterbatasan pada penggunaannya. Pemberian urea yang berlebihan, pencampuran dalam pakan yang tidak merata atau kesalahan dalam penghitungan jumlah urea ke dalam ransum akan akan dapat mengakibatkan keracunan pada ternak. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk meringkas manfaat dan kemungkinan efek negatif penggunaan urea sebagai suplemen pakan ruminansia. Kata kunci: ruminansia, jerami, urea, suplemen, keracunanABSTRACT: The problems of ruminant feeding have received considerable attention in the tropics. Most ruminants are fed on low-quality roughages, agricultural crop-residues and industrial byproducts. Urea is widely available and has been used as a source of ammoniation to improve the feeding value of various grasses and crop residues. Furthermore, urea treatment as a supplement is relatively easy to apply, handling, inexpensive and valuable substitute for natural proteins in the ration. Although the use of urea has potential economic advantages for N sources, there are limitations and disadvantages to its use. Excess level of urea may a problem of urea toxicity, due to poor mixing of feed or to errors in calculating the amount of urea to add to the ration. This paper aims to summarize the benefits and possible negative effects of urea use as supplement to ruminants feed.

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Progress in the Utilization of Urea as a Protein Replacer for Ruminants. A Review

Cited by 85 publications

References 158 publications

The effect of feeding sugar-beet silage and non-protein-N on rumen and blood metabolites in bulls

The effect of feeding sugar-beet silage and non-protein-N on rumen and blood metabolites in bulls

Ammonia poisoning causes muscular but not liver damage in cattle

Urea : Manfaat Pada Ruminansia

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