Progress in preclinical studies of macrophage autophagy in the regulation of ALI/ARDS

Abstract

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a critical clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality that poses a major challenge in critical care medicine. The development of ALI/ARDS involves excessive inflammatory response, and macrophage autophagy plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in ALI/ARDS. In this paper, we review the effects of autophagy in regulating macrophage function, discuss the roles of macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS, and highlight drugs and other interventions that can modulate macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS to improve the understanding of the mechanism of macrophage autophagy in ALI/ARDS and provide new ideas and further research directions for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.

Sirtuin 1 activator alleviated lethal inflammatory injury via promotion of autophagic degradation of pyruvate kinase M2

“…Autophagy has been suggested to be involved in the negative regulation of inflammation ( Liu et al, 2022 ). Consistently, the present study found that induction of autophagy by rapamycin was accompanied with suppressed pulmonary inflammation and alleviated lung injury ( Supplementary Figures S3A–F ).…”

“…Autophagy is emerging as a crucial regulatory in inflammation ( Liu et al, 2022 ). Previous studies have found that autophagic degradation of inflammation-related proteins plays crucial roles in the negative regulation of inflammatory cascade ( Zhang et al, 2020a ; Lin et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Autophagy is a self-degradation process that transports cellular contents to lysosomes for degradation, which has been considered as an evolutionarily conserved adaptive response ( Parmar et al, 2022 ). Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy, via degradation of key components in inflammation, is involved in the negative regulation of inflammation and suppressed autophagy contributes to the development of lethal inflammatory injury ( Lin et al, 2022 ; Liu et al, 2022 ). Recent studies have found that activation of autophagy by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promoted the degradation of PKM2 in macrophages ( Zhang et al, 2020a ).…”

Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs: Novel Regulators of Macrophage-Linked Intercellular Communication in Lung Cancer and Inflammatory Lung Diseases

“…Exosomes originating from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) deliver mitochondrial ingredients into AMs to improve the mitochondrial function of AMs, which can lead to LPS-exposed AMs shifting from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype, resulting in protecting mice against ALI [ 103 ]. Accumulative evidence suggests that macrophage autophagy (a lysosome-dependent degradation process) can repress or aggravate pulmonary inflammation and lung damage [ 104 ]. In exosomes from LPS-exposed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), miR-384-5p expression is raised.…”

The Role of Exosomes in Health and Disease

“…Beyond this initial evidence, it is still unclear how an external chemical and/or physical stimulus changes the content of an exosome or interferes with its release and internalization under physiological and pathological conditions. We cannot ignore, however, that changes in the circulating levels of exosomes can play a theranostic and prognostic key role in patients with cardiovascular diseases, even in those undergoing cardiac surgery [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]; acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome [ 15 ]; neurodegenerative disorders [ 16 ]; COVID-19 [ 17 ]; and other severe diseases, as summarized in this Special Issue. Levin et al [ 18 ] demonstrated that circulating EVs in patients with beta thalassemia major contain high levels of miR-144-3p, a regulator of erythropoiesis, which leads to the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and reduced survival of endothelial, pancreatic, and hepatic cells, contributing to the onset of organ dysfunction.…”