Progranulin serum levels in human kidney transplant recipients: A longitudinal study

Abstract

BackgroundThe adipokine progranulin has metabolic proprieties, playing a role in obesity and insulin resistance. Its levels seems to be dependent of renal function, since higher progranulin concentration is observed in patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, the effect of kidney transplantation on progranulin remains unknown.ObjectiveTo assess the serum progranulin levels in kidney transplant recipients before and after kidney transplantation.MethodsForty-six prospective kidney transplant recipients were included in this longitudinal study. They were evaluated before transplantation and at three and twelve months after transplantation. Clinical, anthropometric and laboratorial measurements were assessed. Progranulin was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsSerum progranulin significantly decreased in the early period after transplantation (from 72.78 ± 2.86 ng/mL before transplantation to 40.65 ± 1.49 ng/mL at three months; p<0.01) and increased at one year (53.15 ± 2.55 ng/mL; p<0.01 vs. three months), remaining significantly lower than before transplantation (p<0.01) (pover time<0.01). At one year after transplantation, there was a significant increase in body mass index, trunk fat and waist circumference compared to immediate period after transplantation. Progranulin was associated with waist circumference and fasting plasma glucose after adjusted for age, gender, study period, glomerular filtration rate, interleukin-6, high sensitivity C reactive protein and adiponectin.ConclusionProgranulin serum levels are increased before transplantation and a reduction is observed in the early period after transplantation, possibly attributed to an improvement in renal function. At one year after transplantation, an increment in progranulin is observed, seems to be independent of glomerular filtration, and remained significantly lower than before transplantation.

Temporal patterns of macrophage‐ and neutrophil‐related markers are associated with clinical outcome in heart failure patients

“…Our results may be therefore viewed as hypothesis generating and indicate a need for further studies. The equivocal role of progranulin is further illustrated by the fact that it exerted a stimulatory effect on insulin resistance, which goes in line with our observation on higher GRN levels in diabetic patients, but there is also evidence of its beneficial role in reducing renal and cardiac damage in animal models …”

Temporal Associations Among Body Mass Index, Fasting Insulin, and Systemic Inflammation

“…Of these, 753 articles were excluded, resulting in 60 that met the selection criteria and 5603 enrolled participants (of whom 5261 were analyzed). 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ...…”

“…The durations of follow-up ranged from 1 to 60 months (median, 12 months). A total of 21 studies were from Western Europe, 25 , 27 , 41 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 84 11 from North America, 25 , 27 , 41 , 54 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 84 9 from East Asia, 29 , 38 , 39 , 44 , 51 , 52 , 60 , 66 , 68 5 from South America, 28 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 83 5 from Western Asia, 28 , 69 , 78 , 79 , 83 and 3 each from Africa, 35 , 50 , 76 the Pacific, 26 , 42 , 75 and Eastern Europe. 45 , 74 , 80 …”

“…A total of 90% of the studies were in populations with metabolic disease or conditions associated with metabolic disease: obesity, 25 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 diabetes or prediabetes, 26 , 32 , 38 , 46 , 59 hypertension, 40 coronary artery disease, 65 dyslipidemia, 51 chronic kidney disease, 78 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 31 , 35 Cushing disease, 36 polycystic ovary syndrome, 61 breast cancer, 28 , 56 , 82 and aging (ie, college students 84 ). Of the patients in these 54 studies, 22 (41%) had undergone bariatric surgery as the studied intervention (n = 14) or as part of the required eligibility criteria (n = 8).…”

“…The durations of follow-up ranged from 1 to 60 months (median, 12 months). A total of 21 studies were from Western Europe, 25,27,41,54,61,62,65,72,81,82,84 11 from North America, 25,27,41,54,61,62,65,72,81,82,84 9 from East Asia, 29,38,39,44,51,52,60,66,68 5 from South America, 28,69,78,79,83 5 from Western Asia, 28,69,78,79,83 and 3 each from Africa, 35,50,76 the Pacific, 26,42,75 and Eastern Europe. 45,74,80 A total of 90% of the studies were in populations with metabolic disease or conditions associated with metabolic disease: obesity, 25,[32][33][34]37,41,43,45,[47]…”