Prognostic value of plasma prostate specific antigen after megestrol acetate treatment in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma

Diamandis, Eleftherios P.; Helle, Svein Inge; Yu, He; Melegos, Dimitrios N.; Lundgren, Steinar; Lønning, PE

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990215)85:4<891::aid-cncr17>3.0.co;2-k

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It should be noted that androgens are not the only steroids that could up-regulate PSA and hK2 genes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate upregulation of these genes by progestins (35)(36)(37). Results of tissue-culture studies suggest that hK1-hK4 and hK13-hK15 are mainly up-regulated by androgens, and hK5-hK12 are mainly up-regulated by estrogens (1,5 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…These tissues may contribute significantly to the serum concentration, and they are likely not as sensitive to androgenic stimulation as is female breast tissue. These findings are supported by results of tissue culture studies with breast cancer cell lines in which the androgenic effect on hK2 and hK3 expression is much more pronounced than for the other kallikreins (35)(36)(37). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Effect of Testosterone Administration on Serum and Urine Kallikrein Concentrations in Female-to-Male Transsexuals

et al. 2006

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Background: Concentrations of human tissue kallikreins (hKs), a group of 15 secreted serine proteases found in many tissues, are modulated by steroid hormones in cancer cell lines. To gain insight into in vivo kallikrein regulation we measured kallikrein concentrations in serum and urinary tissue in female-to-male transsexuals before and after testosterone administration. Methods: We collected blood and urine samples before treatment and after 4 and 12 months from 28 female-tomale transsexuals who received 250 mg of testosterone esters intramuscularly every 2 weeks. We used ELISA assays to measure multiple kallikreins in serum and urine. Results: After testosterone administration, serum testosterone concentrations increased by ϳ15-fold. Serum kallikrein concentrations increased dramatically for hK3 (prostate-specific antigen) and increased moderately for hK2, hK5, hK6, hK7, hK8, hK10, and hK11. In urine, we noted major increases for hK3 and hK2 only. For all other kallikrein concentrations, we observed no considerable changes. Conclusions: We conclude that, in serum and urine of female-to-male transsexuals after testosterone adminis-

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Effect of Testosterone Administration on Serum and Urine Kallikrein Concentrations in Female-to-Male Transsexuals

et al. 2006

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“…16 In female breast cancer, PSA is said to be expressed in oestrogen receptor positive, better differentiated, and earlier stage tumours, and it may be a favourable prognostic marker. 17 Its role in male breast cancer is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of prostate specific antigen in male breast cancer

Carder

2004

J Clin Pathol

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Male breast cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. Carcinoma metastatic to the male breast is also unusual, with metastatic prostatic carcinoma being among the most common primary sites from which such tumours derive. Metastatic prostatic cancer and primary breast cancer may be histologically indistinguishable without immunohistochemistry because both often infiltrate with a cribriform architecture. Distinguishing between primary and metastatic disease within the breast is important because the treatment options for each are radically different. Following a case in which metastatic prostatic disease was initially wrongly diagnosed as primary breast cancer, a small series of male breast cancers was examined for expression of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase to assess the usefulness of these markers in making this distinction. Focal expression of PSA was found in one of 11 cases of male breast cancer. These results indicate that PSA should be used with caution in this context.

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“…The prognostic value of plasma PSA was also evaluated in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with the progestin, megestrol acetate (41 ). Roughly 50% of patients displayed increased concentrations of plasma PSA while receiving megestrol acetate, and had a 3-fold increase in relative risk of death (41 ). Interestingly, PSA was also determined to be increased in healthy women receiving the progestin-containing oral contraceptive, Brevicon, thereby demonstrating the ability of female tissues to produce PSA upon stimulation with androgenic or progestational steroids (22 ).…”

Section: Psa In Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For instance, the steroid hormone receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines, T47D and BT474, produced PSA upon stimulation with steroid hormones and tamoxifen (19 ). The prognostic value of plasma PSA was also evaluated in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with the progestin, megestrol acetate (41 ). Roughly 50% of patients displayed increased concentrations of plasma PSA while receiving megestrol acetate, and had a 3-fold increase in relative risk of death (41 ).…”

Section: Psa In Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker of Hyperandrogenism in Women and Its Implications for Antidoping

Musrap

Diamandis

2016

Clinical Chemistry

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BACKGROUND Since its discovery in the 1970s, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has become widely known as a biomarker of prostate cancer in males but has often been overlooked in female malignancies. Although the serum concentration of PSA differs between men and women by about 1000-fold, studies have suggested that PSA concentrations drastically differ among healthy females and those who exhibit increased androgen production. CONTENT There have been reports of increased PSA expression in women exhibiting hyperandrogenic states, including polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism, as well as marked increases in a subset of breast cancer patients. These findings have not only revealed the remarkable diagnostic potential of PSA in a diverse range of clinical conditions but also point to its potential of becoming a useful biomarker of steroid hormone doping among female athletes. Recently, highly sensitive assays that can measure PSA at low limits of detection have been developed, which will aid in the discrimination of PSA between these different conditions. SUMMARY The overall aim of this review is to revisit the expression of PSA in hormonally-regulated tissues and in female malignancies, and to demonstrate how the regulation of PSA permits its use in antidoping initiatives.

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Prognostic value of plasma prostate specific antigen after megestrol acetate treatment in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma

Cited by 24 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of Testosterone Administration on Serum and Urine Kallikrein Concentrations in Female-to-Male Transsexuals

Effect of Testosterone Administration on Serum and Urine Kallikrein Concentrations in Female-to-Male Transsexuals

Expression of prostate specific antigen in male breast cancer

Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker of Hyperandrogenism in Women and Its Implications for Antidoping

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