“…The 21 st century is referred to as the age of knowledge, the century of information-based technology, knowledge-based economy, globalization, the industrial revolution 4.0, and so on. In this century, there have been rapid and significant changes in the economy, transportation, technology, communication, information, and education (Sudarisman, 2015;van Laar et al, 2020, Nupus et al, 2021. Also, in this century, the world of education faces enormous challenges.…”