Productivity of Winter Wheat (T.Aestivum, T.Durum, T.Spelta) Depending on Varietal Characteristics in the Context of Climate Change

Abstract

This article presents the results of studies of winter wheat species and varieties depending on the meteorological conditions of the research years. The purpose of the research is to determine the density of the productive stem, the mass of 1000 grains, the yield and quality of winter wheat grain, depending on the species and varietal composition. Methods. Experimental studies were conducted during 2015/2016-2020/2021 yrs in the experimental field of Mykolaiv National Agrarian University (Ukraine). Agricultural techniques for growing winter wheat of various species were generally accepted for the southern steppe zone of Ukraine. Its predecessor was sown peas. Results. It was determined that a larger number of productive stems per unit area (467-853 pcs./m 2 ) formed plants of the studied varieties of soft winter wheat, while the smallest (443-694 pcs./ m 2 ) were plants of winter durum wheat varieties. The largest mass of grain from one ear (1.06-1.20 g) on average over the years of research was formed by plants of spelt wheat varieties, and the smallest was formed 0.96-1.01 g of soft wheat plants. It was found that a higher yield of soft winter wheat (6.03 t/ha) on average over the years of research was formed in the Vidrada variety, hard wheat (5.58 t/ha) was formed in the Bosphorus variety, spelt was formed 5.36 t/ha in the Europa variety. The highest grain yield (7.13 t/ha) among the species and varieties put for study was provided by the Vidrada variety (T. aestivum) in 2016 yr, which was 5.3% more than in the variety Shestopalivka (T. aestivum), 5.9% more than the Linkor variety (T. durum), by 7.0% than the Bosphorus variety (T. durum), by 12.5% than that of the Europa variety (T. spelta) and 43.5% more than the Zorya Ukrainy variety (T. spelta). It was determined that the largest mass fraction of protein in grain was provided by the spelt Zorya Ukrainy wheat variety as 19.2-25.6% depending on the year of research, while the smallest was provided as 11.0-14.2% by the Shestopalivka soft wheat variety. In the conditions of the Southern steppe of Ukraine, to ensure a high grain yield (5.24-6.03 t/ha) with a high protein content (14.1-15.1%), it was recommended to sow the variety of soft winter wheat Vidrada, hard winter wheat as Linkor and spelt as Europe.

Response of Winter Wheat to Delayed Sowing and Varied Nitrogen Fertilization

“…In my own research, this was confirmed, but only at the optimal sowing date. Korkhova et al [54], on the other hand, have concluded that the quality of wheat grain is primarily influenced by weather conditions. Wojtkowiak et al [55] have argued that the nutritional and technological value of wheat is primarily influenced by genetic traits of varieties, environmental conditions, including weather and soil, as well as agronomic practices.…”

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“…Based on the results of a study conducted during 2015-2017 in the Lublin Voivodeship (Poland), it was determined that winter wheat, regardless of the year of the study, generated the highest yield of soft winter wheat varieties -7.69 t/ha (Rachon et al, 2020). In addition, a higher yield (5.91 t/ha) was obtained by research in the period 2016-2022 on average for winter wheat varieties (Korkhova et al, 2023). N.V. Pinchuk et al (2022) determined that in the variants where pre-sowing inoculation of winter wheat seeds of the Skagen variety was conducted with biological products, the stem density was higher compared to the data obtained in the control variant.…”

The Impact of Pre-Crops on the Formation of Water Balance in Winter Wheat Agrocenosis and Soil Moisture in the Steppe Zone

“…The main symptom of climate change is a drop in the level of moisture supply against a background of significant warming (Dudiak et al, 2019;Pichura et al, 2021Pichura et al, , 2022. Moisture has become a determining factor in all soil-climatic zones of Ukraine (Korkhova et al, 2023). Consequently, the problem of retaining soil moisture and increasing plant resistance to moisture deficit is topical.…”