“…Operating costs, material stability, product quality, legality, and safety must be considered before using cell carriers 41,42 . Among the production systems that have been investigated, sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel, and lens‐shaped particles (Lentikats®) seem to meet the above requirements and lead to improved ethanol yields or usability / reusability after long periods 43,44 . Research on yeast immobilization for cellulosic ethanol has been increasing over the last 10 years, 37,45,46 and future research should be geared towards developing resistant, economical, and abundant carriers to support their implementation in the biofuel industry.…”