Production of Biodiesel Using Palm Oil

Lam, Man Kee; Jamalluddin, Nur Azimah; Lee, Keat Teong

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385099-7.00016-4

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Biodiesel is made up of long chain alkyl esters produced by reacting lipids with alcohols (Lam et al, 2011). Biodiesel can be deployed in diesel engines without any modification.…”

Section: Itroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Palm oil is naturally reddish in colour because of its high beta-carotene content (Harmiwati and Rahmad, 2015). It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit, or coconut oil derived from the kernel of the coconut palm (Lam et al, 2011). The fatty acid composition of neat palm oil biodiesel is listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Palm Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emissions Analysis on Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil Biodiesel and Pentanol Blends

Radhakrishnan¹

2017

JOPR

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EMISSIONS ANALYSIS ON DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH PALM OIL BIODIESEL AND PENTANOL BLENDS ITRODUCTIONEscalating environmental issues coupled with depletion in petroleum resources have paved the way for global efforts to search for eco-friendly fuels (Amirnordin et al., 2013). Automobiles are widely acknowledged as the major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Diesel engines play a significant role in the power and automobile sectors of industry largely because of its durability and economy. However, diesel engines emit higher emissions when fueled with diesel.A lower emission alternative is needed to lessen the demerits of fossil fuel (Harmiwati and Rahmad, 2015). Biodiesel is made up of long chain alkyl esters produced by reacting lipids with alcohols (Lam et al., 2011). Biodiesel can be deployed in diesel engines without any modification. It can also be blended with petroleum diesel. In spite of its many advantages, the major drawbacks of biodiesel concern higher NO X emissions, viscosity and density and lower calorific value (Jaat et al., 2014). Many studies have proven that by appending higher alcohols to biodiesel much of the drawbacks are reduced (Karabektas et al., 2009; Murcak et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2015). Higher alcohols such as butanol, hexanol and pentanol are incorporated in biodiesel as an oxygenated additive (Rakopoulos et al., 2010). Blending, fumigation, emulsion and dual fuel injection are the existing techniques to append alcohols to fuel. Alcohols can be blended to liquid fuel in the range of 10%-30% by volume. Many DOI: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2017DOI: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr. .2903 JOURNAL OF OIL PALM RESEARCH 29 (3) (SEPTEMBER 2017)

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“…Biodiesel is made up of long chain alkyl esters produced by reacting lipids with alcohols (Lam et al, 2011). Biodiesel can be deployed in diesel engines without any modification.…”

Section: Itroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Palm Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions Analysis on Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil Biodiesel and Pentanol Blends

Radhakrishnan¹

2017

JOPR

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“…Increasingly, there is a desire for renewable/sustainable energy sources, and an interest in developing domestic supplies of fuel that are more secure [1]. Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) is produced from renewable natural sources such as vegetable oils (e.g., palm oil), animal fats, and microalgal oil [2,3]. Biodiesel can be used directly in existing diesel engines without major modifications, or as a mixture with petroleum diesel, and the burning of biodiesel produces gas emissions such as sulfur oxide, which are less harmful than those emitted by the burning of petroleum-based fuels [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Palm oil is well known as one of the most suitable sources for biodiesel production. Indonesia and Malaysia produce approximately 85% of global crude palm oil, which is likely to increase in the future [3,18]. The aim of the present study was to efficiently produce FAME from unrefined palm oil using membrane-concentrated lipase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration of Lipase from Aspergillus oryzae Expressing Fusarium heterosporum by Nanofiltration to Enhance Transesterification

et al. 2020

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Nanofiltration membrane separation is an energy-saving technology that was used in this study to concentrate extracellular lipase and increase its total activity for biodiesel production. Lipase was produced by recombinant Aspergillus oryzae expressing Fusarium heterosporum lipase (FHL). A sulfonated polyethersulfone nanofiltration membrane, NTR-7410, with a molecular weight cut-off of 3 kDa was used for the separation, because recombinant lipase has a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa, which differs from commercial lipase at around 30 kDa for CalleraTM Trans L (CalT). After concentration via nanofiltration, recombinant lipase achieved a 96.8% yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from unrefined palm oil, compared to 50.2% for CalT in 24 h. Meanwhile, the initial lipase activity (32.6 U/mL) of recombinant lipase was similar to that of CalT. The composition of FAME produced from recombinant concentrated lipase, i.e., C14:1, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis, and C18:2 cis were 0.79%, 34.46%, 5.41%, 45.90%, and 12.46%, respectively, after transesterification. This FAME composition, even after being subjected to nanofiltration, was not significantly different from that produced from CalT. This study reveals the applicability of a simple and scalable nanofiltration membrane technology that can enhance enzymatic biodiesel production.

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“…In 2007, palm oil supplied around 25% of the global oils and fats despite the fact that its plantation area is less than 5% of the world agriculture land (Lam & Lee 2011). Palm oil can give high yield of edible oil with minimum land requirement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate by Microwave-Assisted Sulfonated Glucose Acid Catalyst

Saimon¹,

Heng²,

Johari³

et al. 2018

JSM

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Production of Biodiesel Using Palm Oil

Cited by 22 publications

References 96 publications

Emissions Analysis on Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil Biodiesel and Pentanol Blends

Emissions Analysis on Diesel Engine Fueled With Palm Oil Biodiesel and Pentanol Blends

Concentration of Lipase from Aspergillus oryzae Expressing Fusarium heterosporum by Nanofiltration to Enhance Transesterification

Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate by Microwave-Assisted Sulfonated Glucose Acid Catalyst

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