Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate by Microwave-Assisted Sulfonated Glucose Acid Catalyst

Saimon, Nur Nazlina; Heng, Khuan Eu; Johari, Anwar; Ngadi, Norzita; Jusoh, Mazura; Zakaria, Zainoha

doi:10.17576/jsm-2018-4701-13

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the plot of ln k versus 1T −1 exhibits a good linear relationship and the E a is 29.89 kJmol −1 whilst A is 15.04 min −1 (Figure 6). The E a obtained was comparable with that of PFAD with methanol using heterogeneous sulfonated glucose acid catalyst and heterogeneous sulfonated microcrystalline cellulose catalyst 43,44 . Table 4 shows the E a values of as‐synthesized PFAD with methanol utilizing catalytic and non‐catalytic techniques from the literature, suggesting that the differing E a values are generated via distinct processes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Non‐catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with 2‐ethyl hexanol for high purity production of biolubricant ester

Pauzi

Ramli

Chen

et al. 2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a byproduct of crude palm oil (CPO) refining, is an attractive feedstock for biolubricants due to its inedible nature and the fact that its cost is lower than that of palm oil. Ethylhexyl ester is a novel high‐performance biolubricant synthesized via the non‐catalytic esterification of PFAD with 2‐ethylhexanol (2EH), normally the esterification of PFAD with methanol (MeOH). By substituting a longer carbon chain alcohol for MeOH, the cold flow characteristics, flashpoint, and oxidative stability are improved. The optimal esterification parameters were 1:2 (PFAD:2EH) mole ratio, 180 °C, 100 rpm, and 6 h. The kinetic reaction fitted the pseudo‐first order well with an activation energy of 29.89 kJmol−1 and a pre‐exponential factor of 15.05 min−1. The increase in ester purity and conversion from 44 to 95% and 97 to 99.5% were achieved by fractionation via vacuum distillation at 125–200 °C and 47–55 mbar. The physicochemical properties of the ester appear to be suitable as ISO VG 10 lubricant for hydraulic application in terms of kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of 2.9 mm2/s−1, a viscosity index of 243, and a flash point of 180 °C. This study will assist in designing industrial biolubricant reactors. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Non‐catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with 2‐ethyl hexanol for high purity production of biolubricant ester

Pauzi

Ramli

Chen

et al. 2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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“…The sulfonation of ICG using (NH4)2SO4 heated conventionally within 1 to 9 hour was proven to be effective for attachment of −SO3H groups to the polycyclic aromatic structure of the ICG, thus producing a high number of surface area of 4.47 m 2 /g with acid density of 5.92 mmol/g, lower from the catalyst prepared using microwaveheating method. The highest surface area from the best performing catalyst, from our previous report [10], was recorded at 16.94 m 2 /g with acid density of 25.65 mmol/g. In fact, the prepared catalyst using microwave-heating system reducing lots of time consumed during sulfonation process and thus reducing the cost for electricity.…”

Section: Single Response Optimization For Yield (Y) and Conversion (C)mentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Some parts of the analysis were discussed and related to catalyst characterization results. The catalyst characterization are not discussed here but is referred to our previous report [10].…”

Section: Optimizing Using Ccd (Central Composite Design)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time labelled as X1 was ranging from 3 to 11 min, volume of H2SO4 (X2) was from 50 mL to 250 mL, power level of microwave (X3) from 80 W to 720 W and stirring rate (X4) from 200 rpm to 1000 rpm. Saimon and colleagues managed to obtain high percentage yield of FAME 91.41% using 100 mL of H2SO4 at 7 min of sulfonation time and 560 W of microwave's power level [10]. Thus, the ranges were extended to determine the optimum value for these independent variables.…”

Section: Single Response Optimization For Yield (Y) and Conversion (C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the ranges were extended to determine the optimum value for these independent variables. The respective catalyst characterizations for this investigation that include XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR and TPD−NH3 have been reported earlier [10].…”

Section: Single Response Optimization For Yield (Y) and Conversion (C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Two-Step SO3H/ICG Catalyst Synthesis for Biodiesel Production: Optimization of Sulfonation Step via Microwave Irradiation

Saimon

Ngadi

Jusoh

et al. 2021

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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Conventional heating, a common method used for heterogeneous solid acid catalyst synthesis unknowingly consumes massive time and energy. In this study, acid catalyst was prepared through sulfonation process of incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) via microwave-assisted technique to shorten the heating time and energy consumption. Optimization of the sulfonation process of ICG via microwave-assisted was carried out. Four-factor-three-level central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the design of experiments (DOE). Interaction between two factors was evaluated to determine the optimum process conditions. A quadratic model was proposed for prediction of biodiesel yield (Y) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and its conversion (C). The application of DOE successfully optimized the operating conditions for the two-step SO3H/ICG catalyst synthesis to be used for the esterification process. The optimized conditions of the best performing SO3H/ICG with maximum Y and C were at 7.5 minutes of reaction time, 159.5 mL of H2SO4 used, 671 rpm of stirring rate as well as 413.64 watt of power level. At these optimum conditions the predicted yield percentage and conversion percentage were 94.01% and 91.89%, respectively, which experimentally verified the accuracy of the model. The utilization of sulfonated glucose solid acid catalyst via microwave-assisted in biodiesel production has great potential towards sustainable and green method of synthesizing catalyst for biodiesel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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The catalytic production of biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) using sonochemical, microwave, and mechanical methods

Pulidindi

Gedanken

2021

Nontraditional Activation Methods in Green and Sustainable Applications

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Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate by Microwave-Assisted Sulfonated Glucose Acid Catalyst

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Non‐catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with 2‐ethyl hexanol for high purity production of biolubricant ester

Non‐catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with 2‐ethyl hexanol for high purity production of biolubricant ester

A Two-Step SO3H/ICG Catalyst Synthesis for Biodiesel Production: Optimization of Sulfonation Step via Microwave Irradiation

The catalytic production of biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) using sonochemical, microwave, and mechanical methods

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