Production and Characterization of Controlled Release Urea Using Biopolymer and Geopolymer as Coating Materials

Azeem, Babar; KuShaari, KuZilati; Naqvi, Muhammad; Keong, Lau Kok; Mesfer, Mohammed K. Al; Al-Qodah, Zakaria; Naqvi, Salman Raza; Elboughdiri, Noureddine

doi:10.3390/polym12020400

Cited by 68 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…Since the RSM approach, specifically the CDD, has been widely used in polymer optimization [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], it was therefore adopted in this study. The main objectives of this paper are: (i) To identify the significant effect of different factors (RHA/AA and SiR/Ge ratios) on the moisture absorption and fire retardant properties of rice husk ash/silicone rubber-based binary blended geopolymer coating composite, (ii) to determine the optimum composition for the blended geopolymer coating composite, and (iii) to study the microstructure of the blended geopolymer coating composite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

et al. 2021

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Geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) as the aluminosilicate source has shown excellent fire retardant properties. However, incorporation of rice husk ash into the geopolymer matrix increased water absorption properties of the polymer composite. As such, silicone rubber (SiR) was introduced to improve the moisture absorption and fire retardant properties of the composite. Additionally, the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was conventionally used in past studies on the RHA-based geopolymer composite. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the fire retardant and moisture absorption properties of the binary blended geopolymer coating composite, the use of statistical analysis and regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential. The objectives of this study are to identify the significant effect of factors on moisture absorption and fire retardant properties, to determine the optimum composition, and to study the microstructure of the rice husk ash/silicone rubber (RHA/SiR)-based binary blended geopolymer coating composite. The RHA/AA and SiR/Ge ratios were chosen as factors, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design experiments and conduct analyses. Fire retardant and moisture absorption tests were conducted. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the microstructure of geopolymer samples. The RHA/alkaline activator (AA) and SiR/Ge ratios were shown to have a significant effect on the responses (temperature at equilibrium and moisture absorption). The high ratio of RHA/AA and SiR/Ge resulted in a lower temperature at equilibrium (TAE) below 200°C and at moisture absorption below 16%. The optimum formulation for the geopolymer coating composite can be achieved when the RHA/AA ratio, SiR/Ge ratio, and sodium hydroxide concentration are set at 0.85, 0.70, and 14 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of samples with good fire retardant properties showed that the char residue of the geopolymer composite coating, which is a layer of excess silicone rubber, is porous and continuous, thus providing a shielding effect for the layer of geopolymer underneath. The sample with good moisture absorption showed the formation of a thin outer layer of silicone rubber without any cracks. The unreacted SiR formed a thin layer beneath the geopolymer composite matrix providing a good moisture barrier.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…The use of biodegradable materials to coat urea not only reduces the environmental pollution but can also decrease the harmful effects associated with conventional coatings on the proper functioning of soil and plant ecosystems [29,30]. These bio-based materials currently used as coating of fertilizers include waste palm oil [28], animal manure lignin [31], cellulose [32] and starch [33][34][35], which can be used directly or after some modification or mixing with minerals [36,37]. These materials also slowed down N release from urea that could synchronize with crop N demand during the growing season [28,34,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable Polymer Coated Granular Urea Slows Down N Release Kinetics and Improves Spinach Productivity

et al. 2020

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Low nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency due to environmental N losses from fertilizers results in high-cost on-farm production. Urea coating with biodegradable polymers can prevent these losses by controlling the N release of fertilizers. We calculated N release kinetics of coated granular with various biodegradable polymeric materials and its impact on spinach yield and N uptake. Different formulations were used, (i) G-1: 10% starch + 5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) + 5% molasses; (ii) G-2: 10% starch + 5% PVA + 5% paraffin wax (PW); (iii) G-3: 5% gelatin + 10% gum arabic + 5% PW; (iv) G-4: 5% molasses + 5% gelatin + 10% gum arabic, to coat urea using a fluidized bed coater. The morphological and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicated that a uniform coating layer with no new phase formation occurred. In the G-2 treatment, maximum crushing strength (72.9 N) was achieved with a slowed-down N release rate and increased efficiency of 31%. This resulted in increased spinach dry foliage yield (47%), N uptake (60%) and apparent N recovery (ANR: 130%) from G-2 compared to uncoated urea (G-0). Therefore, coating granular urea with biodegradable polymers is a good choice to slower down the N release rate and enhances the crop yield and N utilization efficiency from urea.

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“…Since the RSM approach, specifically CCD, has been widely used in polymer optimization [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], it will, therefore, be adopted in this study. The main objectives of this study are: (i) to identify the significant effects of different additives on the viscosity, color lightness, and drying speed of mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink; (ii) to determine the optimum composition of the mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink using RSM; and (iii) to study the microstructure of mangosteen leaves during the dye extraction process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

et al. 2021

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Dry mangosteen leaves are one of the raw materials used to produce marker ink. However, research using this free and abundant resource is rather limited. The less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was mostly used in past studies on plant-based marker ink. The use of statistical analysis and the regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential in predicting the best combination of factors in formulating mangosteen leaf-based marker ink. Ideally, ink should have maximum color lightness, minimum viscosity, and fast-drying speed. The objective of this study to study the effect of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the color lightness and viscosity of mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink. The viscosity, color lightness, and drying properties of the ink were tested, the significant effect of glycerol and CMC (responses) on ink properties was identified and the prediction model on the optimum value of the responses was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of mangosteen leaves was analyzed to study the surface morphology and cell structure during dye extraction. A low amount of glycerol used was found to increase the value of color lightness. A decrease in CMC amounts resulted in low viscosity of marker ink. The optimum formulation for the ink can be achieved when the weight percents of glycerol, benzalkonium chloride, ferrous sulphate, and CMC are set at 5, 5, 1, and 3, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the greatest amount of cell wall structure collapse on samples boiled with the lowest amount of glycerol.

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Production and Characterization of Controlled Release Urea Using Biopolymer and Geopolymer as Coating Materials

Cited by 68 publications

References 55 publications

Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

Biodegradable Polymer Coated Granular Urea Slows Down N Release Kinetics and Improves Spinach Productivity

Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

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