ProChain: Provenance-Aware Traceability Framework for IoT-Based Supply Chain Systems

Abstract

The current value of the world food system amounts to roughly $8 trillion, which represents approximately 10% of the global economies. Therefore, the quality of food and food products concerns not only all the end consumers but also millions of employees and entrepreneurs within the global food industry. Achieving the best possible quality of food throughout all the engaged processes requires constantly tracing and monitoring several crucial environmental conditions that may have a significant impact on the products' quality. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a system of dedicated sensors paired with the Internet that can overcome and prevent issues within the food industry. The interconnected elements bear the responsibility for monitoring, evaluating, and tracking the conditions where the food products undergo processing, and it checks the products' quality throughout their life cycle. Nevertheless, even IIoT has its challenges. The first such challenge relates to the storage and accessibility of the obtained data. What can make the data readily available to all individuals and entities involved in the industry? The second significant challenge relates to tracing items that pass through numerous processes involving different parties. This work proposed ProChain, a Provenance-aware Traceability Framework for IoT-based Supply Chain Systems. A proposed comprehensive framework of all the information acquired by the sensors and the complete set of provenance data addressed these challenges. Additionally, a thorough simulation of the proposed framework on the Raspberry PI 3B IoT device reviewed the ProChain efficiency in the cloud and local simulation environments. ProChain demonstrated tractability, transparency, and complex security as examples of the principal attributes of the IOTA 2.0 protocol in the food industry.

Information Traceability Model for the Grain and Oil Food Supply Chain Based on Trusted Identification and Trusted Blockchain

“…L. Sun et al proposed a smart agricultural technology based on the Internet of Things, which provided support for promoting the development of modern agriculture, saving agricultural production costs, and increasing production and sales [ 38 ]. M.S et al [ 39 ] proposed a source-aware traceability framework for IoT-based supply chain systems, the ProChain framework, which is essentially a traceability-aware solution designed for IoT-based supply chain systems, the scheme provides a new line of traceability for food traceability. Yang et al proposed a blockchain and industrial IoT edge data sharing framework, which can be used for reference to improve the security and trustworthy sharing of grain and oil food traceability information [ 40 ].…”

Research on Grain Food Blockchain Traceability Information Management Model Based on Master-Slave Multichain

“…timeWait do (4) if reciveResponse () ! � true then (5) //Tere are candidate nodes with longer waiting time in the queue (6) sever.State � follower (7) Candidate.Delete (server) (8) return null l (9) end if (10) server.State � leader (11) server.Wait � 0 (14) def hash (server) (15) def proof (server) (16) server.leader � P-leader//Select leader node (17) return P-leader (18)…”

Interoperability approaches of blockchain technology for supply chain systems

“…Blockchain platforms facilitate the evolution of various blockchain-based options and solutions. It is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) designed to help facilitate the processes of collaboration by providing common shared, trusted and distributed data sets (Al-Rakhami and Al-Mashari, 2021a, b; Kouhizadeh et al ., 2021).…”

“…Blockchain technology basically works as a decentralized system that constantly and unstoppably replicates blocks of data on the transactions executed by peers in an online environment (Al-Rakhami and Al-Mashari, 2021a, b). By integrating a suiting algorithm of distributed consensus, this technology is capable to work its way around byzantine faults, crashes (whether they are intentional or unintentional) and other unpredictable divergences from the standard, valid and proper blockchain participants’ behavior as defined by the protocol (Gramoli, 2020).…”

“…Modern producers are often large companies and consortiums. Their production plants and storage facilities are usually spread across an extensive geographical area and their processes rely on various sub-suppliers and subcontractors (Al-Rakhami and Al-Mashari, 2021a, b). The resources within such a networked production are typically integrated by various middleware solutions.…”