Process development and simulation of glycerol-free biofuel from canola oil and dimethyl carbonate

Environmentally-Benign Dimethyl Carbonate-Mediated Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Bio-Oil

“…% sodium methoxide catalyst and a 3:1 molar ratio of DMC and oil. Triazabicylodecene (TBD), as a nitrogencontaining catalyst, is a non-ionic organic base catalyst and has higher catalytic activity than other nitrogen based catalysts in the transesterification reaction [38,40]. Moreover, unrefined acidic oil (free fatty acid; FFA) can be used in the presence of TBD since the complex of TBD and FFA is soluble in the reaction solution, and thus there is no formation of soap or emulsions [44].…”

“…Basic catalysts like KOH, sodium methoxide, sodium hydride, and some amines are most widely used for DMC-based transesterification [15,[38][39][40][41][42][43]. Table 2 shows the use of alkaline catalysts for DMC-based biodiesel production.…”

Glycerol-free biodiesel production through transesterification: a review

“…This is interesting, because various reaction schemes that involve different intermediates to produce glycerol carbonate and/or glycerol dicarbonate has been suggested by different authors [42,46,47]. Kurle et al [23] and Zhang et al [47] suggested a reaction scheme where glycerol dicarbonate is formed through a series of reactions involving fatty acid glycerol carbonate monoesters as one of the intermediate products that results in glycerol dicarbonate as the main by-product. Glycerol dicarbonate can react with water to form glycerol carbonate, methanol and CO 2 as main by-products.…”

“…Fatty acid glycerol carbonate monoesters has a detrimental effect on the flow properties of biodiesel and limits the blending of biodiesel to a ratio of approximately 20:80, but exhibit properties comparable to that of biodiesel [23]. Fatty acid glycerol carbonate monoesters quickly decompose further to form glycerol carbonate and citramalic acid as byproducts [24,25] when triglycerides react with dimethyl carbonate in the supercritical state.…”

“…Kurle et al [23] used dimethyl carbonate and triazabicyclodecene (TBD) to replace methanol and sodium methoxide respectively. The catalyst (TBD) could be recovered through filtration and the excess DMC was recovered through distillation or water washing.…”