Probiotic isolates from unconventional sources: a review

Abstract

The use of probiotics for human and animal health is continuously increasing. The probiotics used in humans commonly come from dairy foods, whereas the sources of probiotics used in animals are often the animals’ own digestive tracts. Increasingly, probiotics from sources other than milk products are being selected for use in people who are lactose intolerant. These sources are non-dairy fermented foods and beverages, non-dairy and non-fermented foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, feces of breast-fed infants and human breast milk. The probiotics that are used in both humans and animals are selected in stages; after the initial isolation of the appropriate culture medium, the probiotics must meet important qualifications, including being non-pathogenic acid and bile-tolerant strains that possess the ability to act against pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and the safety-enhancing property of not being able to transfer any antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria. The final stages of selection involve the accurate identification of the probiotic species.

An overview of microbiome based strategies on anti‐obesity

“…Meanwhile, some bacteria were found being more abundant in the healthy population and might have potential to be used as probiotics . These newly discovered bacteria, originated from the microbiome‐based analysis, could be referred to as the “next‐generation probiotics.” Indeed, the amelioration of culture system, including the development of bioreactors, formulation of new isolation protocol, and modification of culture media, also contribute to the discovery of next‐generation probiotics. The development of metabolomics, an advanced technique for analyzing both the composition of metabolites from microbes and host, allows the researchers to establish the potential link between microbes and host, and provides the possible mechanisms for further investigation .…”

“…The development of metabolomics, an advanced technique for analyzing both the composition of metabolites from microbes and host, allows the researchers to establish the potential link between microbes and host, and provides the possible mechanisms for further investigation . All these improvements enable the researchers to select the next‐generation probiotics more efficiently, either from the traditional sources such as intestinal content and dairy food or from the unconventional sources such as fermented foods, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey‐comb, and soil . Moreover, the genetically modified microorganisms may also be included in the next‐generation probiotics, despite their use still has ethical concerns and the safety problem needs to be solved .…”

“…34,39 All these improvements enable the researchers to select the nextgeneration probiotics more efficiently, either from the traditional sources such as intestinal content and dairy food or from the unconventional sources such as fermented foods, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey-comb, and soil. 38 Moreover, the genetically modified microorganisms may also be included in the next-generation probiotics, despite their use still has ethical concerns and the safety problem needs to be solved. 26,40 Together, the next-generation probiotics, which have no history of use, can be discovered by novel molecular biology approaches or created by gene editing (Figure. 2).…”

Isolation of newer probiotic microorganisms from unconventional sources

“…Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used microorganisms as probiotics which are found in large numbers in gut of healthy humans and have GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) status (Shokryazdan et al, 2014). Now days, research has been focused for isolating the probiotic strains from non-dairy sources like soil, fruit juices, grains etc (Sornplang et al, 2016). Keeping above points in mind the work was designed to screen probiotic bacteria from unconventional food sources to utilize them commercially specifically for lactose-intolerant people.…”

Enterococcus faecium; a Suitable Probiotic Candidate for Modulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogens

“…Probiotics have several positive and negative effects on the gut microflora and the microbial toxic activities, respectively. 2,3 Both yeast and bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria, are the main members of probiotics. 1 Probiotics modulate endogenous flora, pathogenic micro-organisms and also the immune responses of hosts in either a direct or indirect manner.…”