The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is a recently developed meta-heuristic optimization algorithm which is based on the hunting mechanism of humpback whales. Similarly to other meta-heuristic algorithms, the main problem faced by WOA is slow convergence speed. So to enhance the global convergence speed and to get better performance, this paper introduces chaos theory into WOA optimization process. Various chaotic maps are considered in the proposed chaotic WOA (CWOA) methods for tuning the main parameter of WOA which helps in controlling exploration and exploitation. The proposed CWOA methods are benchmarked on twenty well-known test functions. The results prove that the chaotic maps (especially Tent map) are able to improve the performance of WOA.
Highlights Chaos has been introduced into WOA to improve its performance. Ten chaotic maps have been investigated to tune the key parameter ‘ p’ of WOA. The proposed CWOA is validated on a set of twenty benchmark functions. The proposed CWOA is validated on a set of twenty benchmark functions. Statistical results suggest that CWOA has better reliability of global optimality.
Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts has been suggested as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical synthesis of semiconductor NPs. In the present study, ZnO NPs were synthesized by a simple and cost-effective method using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract and zinc acetate as precursors. The as-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs with a wurtzite structure, spherical shape and average particle size of 24 nm. The photocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 186 (RY 186) dye was carried out under direct sunlight irradiation and its degradation efficiency and apparent rate constant (K’app) of reaction were calculated to be 93.38%, and 0.0019 min−1, respectively. The optical band gap value of the as-synthesized ZnO NPs was found to be 3.4 eV, which indicates the presence of blueshift. Owing to the presence of blueshift and a wide band gap of synthesized biogenic ZnO NPs, the overall absorption of sunlight irradiation will be enhanced, which leads to higher degradation efficiency of the dye. The current study thus highlights the optical band gap properties of biogenic ZnO NPs and their significance as a heterogeneous catalyst for the purification of polluted water.
1-Ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide
(EDC•HCl)
has both lipophilic and hydrophilic regions, causing self-aggregation
(also called nanoparticle formation) in an aqueous medium containing
PS-750-M amphiphile. Kinetic and proton nuclear magnetic resonance
studies were used to probe the effect of different organic bases on
the potential nanoparticle formation of EDC•HCl. It also reveals
why the pyridine base works better under micellar conditions. The
methodology was examined on the multigram scale synthesis of bioactive
molecules, where excellent reaction yields were obtained without product
epimerization while maintaining a shorter reaction time.
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