Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders

“…Conversely, other studies suggested that microbiota depletion may negatively affect cognitive function and microglia and synaptic function in mice and contrasting results were also observed in humans (Laake and Oeksengaard, 2002;Angelucci et al, 2019). Furthermore, a positive effect of probiotics on cognitive function was observed in animal models and AD patients or adults with mild cognitive impairment (Davari et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2017;Kobayashi et al, 2017Kobayashi et al, , 2019aRezaei Asl et al, 2019;Tamtaji et al, 2019), whereas one study reported no to little effect (Kobayashi et al, 2019b). Erny et al (2015) observed defects of microglia in germ-free mice leading to impaired innate immune responses.…”

“…Antibiotic treatment has been reported to change disease course in a few neurological disorders (Sandler et al, 2000;Laake and Oeksengaard, 2002;Fasano et al, 2013;Ghanizadeh and Berk, 2015;Angelucci et al, 2019;Lum et al, 2019). Probiotics may improve disease symptoms, but results are inconsistent (Parracho et al, 2010;Kaluzna-Czaplinska and Blaszczyk, 2012;West et al, 2013;Partty et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2017;Shaaban et al, 2018;Gazerani, 2019;Kobayashi et al, 2019a,b;Tamtaji et al, 2019). The most effective option in modulation of the gut microbiota is FMT, which includes administration of a solution of fecal matter from a donor into the intestinal tract of a recipient.…”

Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

“…206,207 Two recent randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials show improved MMSE cores, reduced serum C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) and improved insulin metabolism in patients receiving probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli species. 208,209 As with PD, the mechanisms of probiotic-promoted neuroprotective effects in AD studies remain to be determined but may reflect positive effects on gut barrier health leading to improved immune and metabolic health (e.g. protection against type-II diabetes, decreased systemic inflammation), which in turn protects against BBB breakdown and neural pathology.…”

Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions

“…It also promotes antioxidant and neuroprotective effects via the activation of SIRT1 pathway in AD mice model [ 171 ]. Administration of probiotics ( L. acidophilus , B. bifidum, and B. longum ), along with selenium, for 12 weeks, improved cognitive functions and some metabolic parameters in AD patients [ 172 ]. Probiotics plus selenium intake resulted in significant reduction in high sensitivity CRP, insulin, serum triglycerides, HOMA-IR, VLDL, and LDL levels and significant increase in total antioxidant capacity compared with only selenium and placebo [ 172 ].…”

“…Administration of probiotics ( L. acidophilus , B. bifidum, and B. longum ), along with selenium, for 12 weeks, improved cognitive functions and some metabolic parameters in AD patients [ 172 ]. Probiotics plus selenium intake resulted in significant reduction in high sensitivity CRP, insulin, serum triglycerides, HOMA-IR, VLDL, and LDL levels and significant increase in total antioxidant capacity compared with only selenium and placebo [ 172 ]. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 12 weeks of B. breve A1 supplementation improved cognitive function in elderly subjects with memory complaints [ 173 ].…”