2020
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207551
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Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions

Abstract: The gut microbiome acts as an integral part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that has the largest and vulnerable surface with desirable features to observe foods, nutrients, and environmental factors, as well as to differentiate commensals, invading pathogens, and others. It is well-known that the gut has a strong connection with the central nervous system (CNS) in the context of health and disease. A healthy gut with diverse microbes is vital for normal brain functions and emotional behaviors. In addition,… Show more

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Cited by 186 publications
(158 citation statements)
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“…In addition to the above-mentioned methods of communication, the microbiota can directly synthesis the neuroactive mediators like GABA [ 42 ], 5-HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine [ 43 ]. Considering the gut-brain axis, the migration of toxic agents from gut to brain could trigger cell migration in astrocytes via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [ 11 ]. Consequently, the aforementioned mediators have critical roles in several body procedures, including apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, as well as cell migration and proliferation towards homeostasis and even pathological situations of different organs.…”
Section: Gut Microbiome and Gut-brain Axis In Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In addition to the above-mentioned methods of communication, the microbiota can directly synthesis the neuroactive mediators like GABA [ 42 ], 5-HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine [ 43 ]. Considering the gut-brain axis, the migration of toxic agents from gut to brain could trigger cell migration in astrocytes via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [ 11 ]. Consequently, the aforementioned mediators have critical roles in several body procedures, including apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, as well as cell migration and proliferation towards homeostasis and even pathological situations of different organs.…”
Section: Gut Microbiome and Gut-brain Axis In Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accordingly, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, glial cell function, synaptic pruning, blood-brain barrier function (BBB), and myelination are important players [ 6 , 10 ]. Considering the gut-brain axis, migration of toxic agents from gut to brain trigger astrocyte activation via the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway [ 11 ]. Instead, during pathological conditions, the aforementioned pathways/mediators tend to be involved in many devastating neurological situations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Several studies have shown that bilateral signals between the brain and intestine help to maintain homeostasis within the body and contribute to longevity [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Approximately 1000 species and 100 trillion bacteria are present in the human gastrointestinal tract [ 16 ], and it is clear that these bacteria play important roles in energy uptake from ingested food [ 17 , 18 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…SCFAs also have been seen to specifically alter hematopoiesis, promote immunoglobulin A(IgA) responses [ 37 ], alter T cell homeostasis [ 38 , 39 ], and promote neurogenesis [ 40 ]. The potential therapeutic role of SCFAs is also being examined with respect to the gut-brain axis, such as Parkinson’s, autism, and schizophrenia [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. It is plausible that this gut-brain axis in SD may function by strengthening the production of intestinal microbiota metabolites in SD mice by treating with limonoids and Spm.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%