“…The functional oxide SrTiO 3 (STO) has been shown in recent years to exhibit a wide-range of fascinating behaviors, including interface magnetism; − two-dimensional (2D) surface conductivity; − a temperature- and magnetic-field-tunable dielectric constant ( k ); a strong thermoelectric Seebeck coefficient; ferroelectricity; , a temperature transition from paraelectricity to ferroelectricity at 45 K; ,− quantum paraelectricity below 4 K; ,− and superconductivity below 0.35 K . Of these, 2D surface conductivity is a rapidly developing area and has been demonstrated at Al 2 O 3 /SrTiO 3 , LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 (LAO/STO), LaTiO3/SrTiO 3 , and yttria-stabilized zirconia/SrTiO, interfaces. − , The STO surface transforms to a metallic-state with mobilities up to 50 000 cm 2 /V·s at low temperature , through the creation of oxygen vacancies using a beam of Ar ions − or doping with Nb or La, which substitute the Ti and Sr sites, respectively. − ,− …”