Principles of Training and Pruning Traditional Open-Center Apple Trees in Japan

Kikuchi, Takuro; Shiozaki, Yunosuke

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1992.322.4

Cited by 2 publications

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“…That is, they will contribute to the improvement of orchard system, whether in Japan or in other countries, where the use of rather vigorous rootstocks will continue to be indispensable because of unfavorable soil or some other environmental conditions. Some features of the framework structure of the traditional open-center tree and principles underlying its training and pruning were discussed by Kikuchi and Shiozaki (1992). Shiozaki and Kikuchi (1992) 3, 4, Asada, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Shiozaki and Kikuchi (1992) 3, 4, Asada, 1990). Such canopy structure is de-veloped on the specific framework as described by Kikuchi and Shiozaki (1992); most lateral branches are developed on secondary main branches positioned on the primary main branches 1.5 m or more away from the trunk. Thus, a considerable amount of direct or difuse light penetrates through the canopy to the lower exposed leaves and fruit.…”

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Light and Fruit Distributions within a Canopy of 'Fuji' Apple Trees Trained to a Traditional Open-Center System in Japan.

Kikuchi

Shiozaki

Asada

et al. 1994

Engei Gakkai zasshi

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Light and fruit distributions within foliar canopies were measured on three 27-yearold 'Fuji'/Marubakaido (Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami) apple trees trained to a traditional flat open-center system developed in Japan. The canopies extended more horizontally than in depth and were interspersed with many open spaces. The percent instantaneous incident photosynthetic photon flux density (%INPPFD) was measured with quantum sensors on overcast days in mid-September and early November. Measurements were taken on four vertical plane grids placed through the center of each tree with an angle of 45 degrees made by two neighboring grids. Because of the canopy conformation, the imaginary lines connecting points of equal %INPPFD (contour lines) extended along the horizontal plane, suggesting a prevailing influence of the light from above on the withintree environment. The canopy area receiving less than 20% INPPFD was fairly limited in depth. The depth of the main cropping zone was estimated from the contour maps at a mean height of 1.7m. More than 50% of the fruits were distributed in the canopy area receiving 40% or less INPPFD. Relatively large fruits were found in the zones receiving 20% or less INPPFD. Light measurements in early November revealed that the leaf removal practice to obtain better fruit coloration significantly improved light environment within the canopy, almost eliminating the areas receiving 20% or less INPPFD.

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confidence: 99%

Light and Fruit Distributions within a Canopy of 'Fuji' Apple Trees Trained to a Traditional Open-Center System in Japan.

Kikuchi

Shiozaki

Asada

et al. 1994

Engei Gakkai zasshi

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“…The planting spacing was 5×3 m. Each tree was trained as an open-center system. The framework structure of the traditional open-center tree and principles underlying its training and pruning were reported by Kikuchi and Shiozaki (1992). The soil of the orchard was loam soil and soil water potential was always controlled greater than -10 kPa.…”

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Dynamic Simulation of Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency in Apple Tree Canopies

Gao¹,

Feng²,

Liu³

2014

AJFST

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We developed a model that couples canopy stomatal conductance, transpiration and canopy Water Use Efficiency (WUE) in an apple orchard (Malus pumila Mill. 'Fuji'). The model used the Penman-Monteith equation to compute effects of the interaction between canopy transpiration rate (T r ) and microclimatic factors. For convenience, WUE was expressed as the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration rate; we simulated the relationship between WUE and microclimatic factors. Models developed were tested against observational data from an apple orchard (latitude 40° 13 ' N, longitude 116° 13 ′ E, altitude 79 m). The models and parameters well simulated T r and WUE in apple trees. The mathematical simulation showed strong interactions among various microclimatic factors and indicated that transpiration was driven mainly by Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) and stomatal conductance. During the course of 1 day, transpiration increased (decreased) as net radiation and stomatal conductance increased (decreased). Maximum transpiration rates of experimental trees (leaf area index, LAI = 2.53) were about 8 mmol/m 2 /s on clear days and about 3 mmol/m 2 /s on cloudy days. Over 24 h, an apple tree (leaf area = 37.95 m -2 ) lost 50 to 70 L of water in clear weather and about 15 L in cloudy weather. On clear days, the peak of WUE was reached early after sunrise; it then decreased to a stable level maintained through most of the day until falling to zero at sunset.

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Principles of Training and Pruning Traditional Open-Center Apple Trees in Japan

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Light and Fruit Distributions within a Canopy of 'Fuji' Apple Trees Trained to a Traditional Open-Center System in Japan.

Light and Fruit Distributions within a Canopy of 'Fuji' Apple Trees Trained to a Traditional Open-Center System in Japan.

Dynamic Simulation of Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency in Apple Tree Canopies

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