Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of newborns born small for gestational age: a multisite study in Nepal

Paudel, Pragya Gautam; Sunny, Avinash K; Gurung, Rejina; Gurung, Abhishek; Malla, Honey; Budhathoki, Shyam Sundar; Paudel, Prajwal; Kc, Navraj; Kc, Ashish

doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000607

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This might be because the education level of mothers in our study was higher than that of Italy. Several studies have suggested primiparity as a risk factor for PTB [ 50 ]; however, primiparity was found to be associated with SGA, term-SGA, and LBW in our study. Our findings are consistent with a previous Japanese study, which indicated that the risk of LBW is lower among multiparous women [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy (HDP), Maternal Characteristics, and Birth Outcomes among Japanese Women: A Hokkaido Study

Poudel

Kobayashi

Miyashita

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Hypertension during pregnancy causes a greater risk of adverse birth outcomes worldwide; however, formal evidence of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP) in Japan is limited. We aimed to understand the association between maternal characteristics, HDP, and birth outcomes. In total, 18,833 mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the Hokkaido study on environment and children’s health, Japan, from 2002 to 2013. Medical records were used to identify hypertensive disorders and birth outcomes, namely, small for gestational age (SGA), SGA at full term (term-SGA), preterm birth (PTB), and low birth weight (LBW). The prevalence of HDP was 1.9%. Similarly, the prevalence of SGA, term-SGA, PTB, and LBW were 7.1%, 6.3%, 7.4%, and 10.3%, respectively. The mothers with HDP had increased odds of giving birth to babies with SGA (2.13; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.57, 2.88), PTB (3.48; 95%CI: 2.68, 4.50), LBW (3.57; 95%CI: 2.83, 4.51) than normotensive pregnancy. Elderly pregnancy, low and high body mass index, active and passive smoking exposure, and alcohol consumption were risk factors for different birth outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial for women of reproductive age and their families to be made aware of these risk factors through physician visits, health education, and various community-based health interventions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy (HDP), Maternal Characteristics, and Birth Outcomes among Japanese Women: A Hokkaido Study

Poudel

Kobayashi

Miyashita

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Thus, highlighting the importance of country-specific curves to be considered in establishing the diagnosis of SGA. The proportion of SGA in male babies in our study was lower than females (17.6% vs 23.6%), as has also been reported by several studies, 11,[14][15][16] unlike Muhihi et al, 17 who reported a higher risk of SGA in male.…”

Section: Prognostic Factorssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Although the overall prevalence of SGA estimated was 27% of live births, Nepal's reported prevalence was higher (39.3%) than the present study (20.3%). Conversely, data from the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn (2010‐2011) 10 and a recent (2017‐2018) multisite study in 12 different hospitals 11 reported a lower prevalence of SGA in Nepal (17.9% and 11.9%, respectively). The decreasing trends in the prevalence of SGA in Nepal could be due to advancement in Nepal's medical sector in the recent years with improvement in mothers' education, higher socioeconomic status, and a better understanding of the importance of antenatal visits during pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prognostic factors associated with small for gestational age babies in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal: A cross‐sectional study

Chaudhary

Yadav

Kalra

et al. 2021

Health Science Reports

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Background Small for gestational age (SGA) is common among newborns in low‐income countries like Nepal and has higher immediate mortality and morbidities. Objectives To study the prevalence and prognostic factors of SGA babies in Western Nepal. Methods A cross‐sectional study (November 2016‐October 2017) was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Western Nepal. Socio‐demographic, lifestyle factors including diet, and exposures including smoking and household air pollution in mothers who delivered newborns appropriate for gestational age (AGA), SGA and large for gestational age (LGA) were recorded. Logistic regression was carried out to find the odds ratio of prognostic factors after adjusting for potential confounders. Results Out of 4000 delivered babies, 77% (n = 3078) were AGA, 20.3% (n = 813) were SGA and 2.7% (n = 109) were LGA. The proportion of female‐SGA was greater in comparison to male‐SGA (n = 427, 52.5% vs n = 386, 47.5%). SGA babies were born to mothers who had term, preterm, and postterm delivery in the following proportions 70.1%, 19.3%, and 10.6%, respectively. The average weight gain (mean ± SD) by mothers in AGA pregnancies was 10.3 ± 2.4 kg, whereas in SGA were 9.3 ± 2.4 kg. In addition to low socioeconomic status (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.2), other prognostic factors associated with SGA were lifestyle factors such as low maternal sleep duration (OR 5.1, CI 3.6, 7.4) and monthly or less frequent meat intake (OR 5.0, CI 3.2, 7.8). Besides smoking (OR 8.8, CI 2.1, 36.3), the other major environmental factor associated with SGA was exposure to household air pollution (OR 5.4, 4.1, 6.9) during pregnancy. Similarly, some of the adverse health conditions associated with a significantly higher risk of SGA were anemia, oligohydramnios, and gestational diabetes. Conclusions SGA is common in Western Nepal and associated with several modifiable prognostic factors.

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“…. In low-income countries, severe anaemia along with small for gestational age (SGA) babies are basic reasons for low birth weight outcome ( Paudel, 2020 ). SGA is defined as the weight of the newborn is <10th percentile, or newborn is smaller than the normal of that gestational age ( Col Madendag et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational Anemia and its effects on neonatal outcome, in the population of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Shah

Khaskheli²,

Ansari

et al. 2022

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Background Anemia in pregnancy is a globally health-related issue, that affects both mothers and their newborn. Anemia during pregnancy across the world involves approximately 38% of the world population. To evaluate the effect of gestational anemia on perinatal outcome in the population. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of gestational anemia on perinatal outcome in the population of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional comparative analysis was conducted among pregnant mothers who were listed to give birth at Liaquat University of medical and health sciences Jamshoro/Hyderabad during the period of September 2018 to September 2019. The study population 400 were selected by convenient random sampling, and grouped into 2 on the basis of their Hb levels, with Hb < 11 gm% they were classified as anemic mothers, Hb ≥ 11 gm% were termed as non-anemic mothers, data was collected on the preformed questionnaire, and was analyzed on SPSS 21. Results The prevalence of anemia was 51.5% in in total population out of which, the incidence of normocytic normochromic anemia was highest 52.4 %microcytic hypochromic anemia was found in 19.4%, Overall, extremely low Apgar was found in 53 anemics, and 8 non. anemic mother’s infants, LBW incidence was 47.5 %; in anemic mothers, and 15.4 % in non-anemic group, the term, small for gestational age infants were 14.5% in anemic mothers, and 3.6% in non-anemic mothers, there were 36 preterm births to anemic mothers and 10 in non-anemic mothers. The incidence of caesarian section is 53.3% in anemic mothers compared to 30.9% in non-anemic mothers. Conclusions Anemia in pregnancy significantly increases risks of low Apgar, LBW, term SGA, preterm birth, and an increase incidence of caesarian section.

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Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of newborns born small for gestational age: a multisite study in Nepal

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy (HDP), Maternal Characteristics, and Birth Outcomes among Japanese Women: A Hokkaido Study

Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy (HDP), Maternal Characteristics, and Birth Outcomes among Japanese Women: A Hokkaido Study

Prognostic factors associated with small for gestational age babies in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal: A cross‐sectional study

Gestational Anemia and its effects on neonatal outcome, in the population of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

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