Gestational Anemia and its effects on neonatal outcome, in the population of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract

Background Anemia in pregnancy is a globally health-related issue, that affects both mothers and their newborn. Anemia during pregnancy across the world involves approximately 38% of the world population. To evaluate the effect of gestational anemia on perinatal outcome in the population. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of gestational anemia on perinatal outcome in the population of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional comparative analysis was conducted among pregnant mothers who were listed to give birth at Liaquat University of medical and health sciences Jamshoro/Hyderabad during the period of September 2018 to September 2019. The study population 400 were selected by convenient random sampling, and grouped into 2 on the basis of their Hb levels, with Hb < 11 gm% they were classified as anemic mothers, Hb ≥ 11 gm% were termed as non-anemic mothers, data was collected on the preformed questionnaire, and was analyzed on SPSS 21. Results The prevalence of anemia was 51.5% in in total population out of which, the incidence of normocytic normochromic anemia was highest 52.4 %microcytic hypochromic anemia was found in 19.4%, Overall, extremely low Apgar was found in 53 anemics, and 8 non. anemic mother’s infants, LBW incidence was 47.5 %; in anemic mothers, and 15.4 % in non-anemic group, the term, small for gestational age infants were 14.5% in anemic mothers, and 3.6% in non-anemic mothers, there were 36 preterm births to anemic mothers and 10 in non-anemic mothers. The incidence of caesarian section is 53.3% in anemic mothers compared to 30.9% in non-anemic mothers. Conclusions Anemia in pregnancy significantly increases risks of low Apgar, LBW, term SGA, preterm birth, and an increase incidence of caesarian section.

Improving Hemoglobin Level with Increasing Copper, Cobalamin, and Iron Intake of Pregnant Women

“…The anemia problem is considered a high public health problem when the percentage reaches above 20% (DI, 2018). Based on the severity of anemia (Shah et al, 2022), anemia in pregnant women at PHC Kebon Jeruk is classified as mild anemia with the lowest hemoglobin level of 8.8 g/dL.…”

Why Preconception Treatment is Important? A Literature Reviews

“…Anemia in a woman causes the uterus to be unable to implant an embryo, which may have an effect on fetal development and continue to impact growth in toddlerhood. 22 Increasing severity of anemia predisposed the mother to complications…”

“…Shah et al 22 The state of anemia in the preconception period greatly affects the pregnancy and the fetus in the womb. Gestational anemia is very influential on neonates.…”

Determinants of anemia level among reproductive-age women in 29 Sub-Saharan African countries: A multilevel mixed-effects modelling with ordered logistic regression analysis

“…Moreover, gestational anemia results in an increased risk of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum maternal hemorrhage [ 12 – 14 ] and subsequent blood transfusions [ 5 , 6 , 13 – 15 ], pregnancy-induced hypertension [ 5 , 13 ], prolonged and induced labor [ 13 ], cesarean birth [ 3 – 6 , 13 ], puerperal infections [ 15 ], maternal shock, longer hospitalization and critical care admission [ 5 ], and mortality [ 7 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 17 ]. Likewise, the risk of poor neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight [ 3 , 4 , 13 , 16 ], small-for-gestational-age [ 3 , 5 , 13 ], preterm birth [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 , 13 ], low Apgar score [ 3 , 5 , 6 ], stillbirth [ 12 , 13 ], and neonatal and perinatal mortality [ 5 , 13 , 16 ] is higher among neonates and children born to anemic mothers. In addition, low maternal hemoglobin level during pregnancy was also found to increase the risk of placenta previa [ 5 ] and abruption, fetal malformation, growth restriction [ 12 ], and neonatal admission [ 6 , 14 ].…”