Prevalence of camel tuberculosis and associated risk factors in camels slaughtered at Akaki Abattoir, Ethiopia

Abstract

A cross sectional abattoir based study was conducted from February 2014 to October, 2015 on camels slaughtered at Akaki municipality abattoir to determine the prevalence of Tuberculosis in camels and assess the association of risk factors with the prevalence of Tuberculosis in camels using single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT). Of the total of 387 camels investigated, overall camel tuberculosis prevalence of 9.82% (95% CI: 6.84%-12.8%) at a cut off value ≥ 4mm and prevalence of 17.05% (95% CI: 13.3%-20.82%) at a cut off value ≥ 2mm, were recorded. Pearson chi-square test reveals, there was statistically significant association of prevalence with the origin of camels at a cut off value ≥ 2mm (χ 2 = 13.461, P=0.000). However, there was no statistically significant association (P>0.05) of risk factors of age, sex, body condition and origin of camels with the prevalence at a cut off value ≥ 4mm.The multivariate logistic regression analysis shows at a cut off value ≥ 4mm, being old aged (adjusted OR= 0.999, 95% CI: 0.450-2.22), female (adjusted OR= 2.226, 95% CI: 0.5099-9.719) were identified as risk factors for positive tuberculin reactivity. Similarly, the multivariate analysis at a cut off value ≥ 2mm, showed being moderate body conditioned (adjusted OR= 1.583, 95% CI: 0.7399-3.385) was identified as risk factor for higher tuberculin reactivity. The present study aimed to determine tuberculin reactivity of camels and assess associated risk factors with the prevalence. It was concluded that Tuberculosis is an existing phenomenon in camels. It is therefore, recommended that detailed epidemiological investigations should be conducted for the better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease in camels of pastoral communities with particular emphasis to 24 Ethiop. Vet. J., 2016, 20 (1), 23-38 Yasmin Jibril et al., zoonotic significance in camel rearing areas of Ethiopia.

Isolation, identification and associated risk factors of non‐tuberculous mycobacteria infection in humans and dromedary camels in Samburu County, Kenya

“…Breeds considered in our study were Somali, Rendile and Turkana which may be different genetically from those in Ethiopia and Eritrea; with regard to sex, our study considered lactating camels only, which have a unique physiological and immunity status, while similar studies looked at both male and female camels. The overall proportion that showed a positive reaction to M. avium PPD was much greater in our study compared to estimates from similar studies (Gumi, Schelling, Berg, et al, 2012; Gumi, Schelling, Firdessa, et al, 2012; Jibril, Mamo, Hanur, Zewude, & Ameni, 2016; Lamuka et al, 2018). In all of these studies, despite the low sensitivity of tuberculin skin testing, it was concluded that the camels were infected with mycobacteria without confirmatory isolation of the causative agent (Jibril et al, 2016).…”

“…The overall proportion that showed a positive reaction to M. avium PPD was much greater in our study compared to estimates from similar studies (Gumi, Schelling, Berg, et al, 2012; Gumi, Schelling, Firdessa, et al, 2012; Jibril, Mamo, Hanur, Zewude, & Ameni, 2016; Lamuka et al, 2018). In all of these studies, despite the low sensitivity of tuberculin skin testing, it was concluded that the camels were infected with mycobacteria without confirmatory isolation of the causative agent (Jibril et al, 2016). Currently, the screening tests for mycobacteria recommended by the OIE are specifically for the detection of M. bovis and are not appropriate for the detection of other mycobacteria.…”

“…In that study, new cattle introductions into the herd were found to be associated with higher odds of M. avium positivity. In other studies by Jibril et al (2016), Gumi, Schelling, Berg, et al (2012) and Gumi, Schelling, Firdessa, et al (2012), herd size, presence of other livestock species, annual migration dynamics, recent introductions of new animals into the herd, age, sex and body condition were considered as possible risk factors for SICTT positivity but no associations were found. Those associated with culture positivity included ward, breed, presence of other domestic animal species, the origin of new introductions and culling rate.…”

Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Delta region, Egypt

“…[22], who reported 19.56%, Jibril et al . [23], who reported 9.82%, and Ahmad et al . [24], who reported 33.5%.…”

Appraisal of interpretation criteria for the single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in dromedary camels in Ethiopia

“…There is little published information on the epidemiology of TB specifically relating to camelids (Rhodes et al 2015). However, recently, few studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in camels (Beye et al 2014; Gumi et al 2012; Jibril et al 2016; Kassaye et al 2013; Mamo et al 2009, 2011; Zerom et al 2013). Prevalence data on camel tuberculosis reported in Ethiopia showed lesion prevalence of 5.07 and 10.04% by Mamo et al (2009, 2011); and 4.52% by (Kassaye et al 2013).…”