“…Hence, strategies for improving water quality are urgently required. Increase in the distribution of ARB, ARGs, and antibiotics in freshwater has frequently been allied to the discharge of effluents of WWTP as well as other factors including the increase in population density, industrial activities, and agricultural activities along with the courses of freshwater bodies (Sabri et al, 2018). In South Africa, Adefisoye and Okoh (2016) and Igwaran, Iweriebor, and Okoh (2018) detected antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains of E. coli harboring ARGs including strA, aadA (aminoglycosides); catI, cmlA1 (phenicols); bla TEM (beta-lactamase); tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetK, tetM (tetracyclines), and mcr-1 (colistin); ermA (macrolide), respectively, in final effluents of WWTPs, which is to be discharged into freshwater bodies.…”