Prevalence, intensity, and impacts of non-cutaneous lesions of lumpy skin disease among some infected cattle flocks in Nile Delta governorates, Egypt

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the major viral diseases still causing great economic losses among breeding flocks of Egypt. This study was designed to focus light on non-cutaneous lesions (prevalence, intensity, and impacts) among necropsied LSD infected cattle. We selected some dairy and beef flocks (Frisian breed) located in 3 governorates (Sharkia, Dakahlia, and Kaloubia) in Nile delta, Egypt, in the period from January 2019 to January 2020 for our survey study. The case history of farms declared no previous vaccination of examined farms. The clinical signs, morbidity, and mortality rates were recorded. Average morbidity and mortality percentage were 22.28% and 6.59%, respectively. PCR for specimens from liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, testis, udder, trachea, and lymph node indicates presence of amplicon capripoxvirus gene product at molecular weight size 192 bp. Postmortem lesions of necropsied and emergency slaughtered were recorded. The main detectable histopathology lesions among the infected animals were orchitis (75%), mastitis in immature and lactating udder (66.66%), and necrotic hepatitis (77.77%), disseminated vasculitis (61.11), glomerulonephritis (55.55), myocardial degeneration (50%), and serous atrophy of coronary fats (38.88%), lymphadenitis (88.88%), necrosis and depleted lymphoid tissue of spleen (38.88%), necrotic myositis (77.77%), tracheitis (16.66%), and pneumonia (interstitial bronchopneumonia) (44.44%) besides intra-cytoplasmic inclusions bodies in skin (33.33%). It could be concluded that higher mortalities of LSD may be due to systemic infection of infected animals which had great impact on economic losses among breeding flocks.

Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia

“…For asymptomatic infection, lesions are found in the subcutaneous or muscular layer. After the postmortem, lesions are often found in the respiratory organs, gastrointestinal tract, breast, lungs, bladder, kidneys, uterus, or testicles [ 36 ]. Histopathological examination of nodular skin biopsies showed edema, hyperemia, acanthosis, hydropic degeneration, and hyperkeratosis in epidermis [ 37 ].…”

“…In 2018, the prevalence of LSD was 29.00% in Russia [ 47 ] and 31.20%–88.80% in Egypt [ 48 – 50 ]. In 2019, the prevalence of LSD was 10.00% in Bangladesh [ 51 ], 19.50% in China [ 52 ], 22.28%–27.50% in Egypt [ 36 , 53 ], and 37.66% in India [ 54 ]. In 2020, the prevalence of LSD was 3.00%–6.00% in Myanmar [ 55 ], 4.85% and 53.20% in Nepal [ 56 , 57 ], 13.93% in India [ 58 ], and 78.00% in Bangladesh [ 59 ].…”

Characterization, histopathology and immunogenicity of the lumpy skin disease virus isolated during 2019–20 in Bangladesh

“…Lumpy skin disease affects the skin of cattle and water buffalo, leading to the development of nodular lesions that may rupture in advanced stages of the disease ( Sanz-Bernardo et al, 2021 ). Microscopically, these lesions exhibit characteristic features, including acanthosis (thickening of the epidermis), ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells, and the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies ( Ali et al, 2021 ). Notably, the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies is considered a hallmark of lumpy skin disease ( Gharban et al, 2019 ; Neamat-Allah and Mahmoud, 2019 ).…”

Lumpy Skin Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Virus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Sudden Global Emergence

“…Tracheitis, cardiac damage, and other pathological alterations are also seen in a few cattle. These pathological abnormalities might induce varying degrees of injury to the animal, making LSDV infection more detrimental (Ali et al, 2021). A clinical study on LSDV surfaced previously, indicating the oxidation-anti-oxidation state imbalance in infected cattle, thereby invoking a significant rise in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, extending negative consequences on animal health (Kamr et al, 2022).…”