Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by LSD virus (LSDV). This virus has been classified in the genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae which generally affects large ruminants, especially cattle and domestic water buffalo. The first outbreak of LSD was found in 1929 in Zambia, then spreading throughout Africa and with an ongoing expanding distribution to Asia and Europe. In 2020, LSD was found from Southeast Asia in Vietnam and Myanmar before reaching Thailand and Laos in 2021. Therefore, LSD is a newly emerging disease that occurs in Southeast Asia and needs more research about pathology, transmission, diagnosis, distribution, prevention, and control. The results from this review show the nature of LSD, distribution, and epidemic maps which are helpful for further information on the control and prevention of LSD.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD): Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Control

“…Most LSD illnesses are discovered in the summer when the vector is active. The increased risk of spreading LSD occurs during warmer and more humid summers which are able to support the breeding of vector populations (Ratyotha et al, 2022). This is in accordance with the statement of Namzi and Tafti (2021) that the risk factor for the spread of LSD is a warm and humid climate which is able to support the breeding of vector populations, as seen in the rainy season and the introduction of new animals to the herd.…”

“…The virus that causes LSD has a diameter of 230-260 nm, is oval in shape, has a lipid envelope, replicates in the cytoplasm and has a double-stranded DNA genome with a length of about 151 kbp which consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 2.4 kbp inverted terminal repeats and is thought to contain 156 gen. Comparison of LSD viruses with Chordopoxviruses from other genera revealed that 146 conserved protein-coding genes are involved in transcription and mRNA biogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, protein processing, virion structure formation, virulence and host range (Ratyotha et al, 2022;Gumbe, 2018;Tulman et al, 2001). This virus has a close genome similarity (96%) with sheep pox and goat pox viruses but is phylogenetically different (Sendow et al, 2021).…”

“…The animal's secretions may contain the LSD virus which is capable of infecting other animals. The fourth phase, after at least 1 month, there is healing of the ulceration and also skin thickening and hyperpigmentation of the lesions (Ratyotha et al, 2022).…”

“…The samples used to detect LSD virus DNA by PCR or RT-PCR methods were skin nodules, secretions, semen and blood from infected animals. While the target genes that are often used are P32, RPO30, and GPCR (Ratyotha et al, 2022). Yimer (2021) stated that the use of molecular methods (RT PCR and PCR) in diagnosing the LSD virus was only able to detect viruses belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus in general and was unable to differentiate between the LSD virus and sheep pox virus and goatpox virus.…”

Molecular Characterization of Emerging Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Western Uttar Pradesh, India

“…used to obtain protection against LSD virus in cattle in various LSD endemic countries [12,15]. Some of the scientists recommended heterologous vaccine instead of homologous strain as use of homologues vaccine might have induced recombinant strain that can challenge the existing heterologous vaccine.…”