Prevalence, Genetics and Evolutionary Properties of Eurasian Avian-like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Liaoning

Li, Yong; Leng, Haoyu; Tang, Siqi; Su, Chaofan; Xu, Yangsheng; Wang, Yongtao; Lv, Jun; Zhang, Shiwei; Feng, Yujie; Song, Shaokang; Zhang, Ying

doi:10.3390/v14030643

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…( 4 ) and the G2 viruses reported by H. Li et al. ( 32 ). To evaluate the replication of these two viruses in mammals, groups of three BALB/c mice were intranasally (i.n.)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

A Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza reassortant virus became pathogenic and highly transmissible due to mutations in its PA gene

Meng

Yang

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Previous studies have shown that the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza viruses circulated widely in pigs around the world and formed multiple genotypes by acquiring non-hemagglutinin and neuraminidase segments derived from other swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza control is not a priority for the pig industry in many countries, and it is worrisome that some strains may become more pathogenic and/or transmissible during their circulation in nature. Our routine surveillance indicated that the EA H1N1 viruses obtained different internal genes from different swine influenza viruses and formed various new genotypes. In this study, we found that a naturally isolated swine influenza reassortant, A/swine/Liaoning/265/2017 (LN265), a representative strain of one of the predominant genotypes in recent years, is lethal in mice and transmissible in ferrets. LN265 contains the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix of the EA H1N1 virus; the basic polymerase 2, basic polymerase 1, acidic polymerase (PA), and nucleoprotein of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus; and the nonstructural protein of the North American triple-reassortment H1N2 virus. By generating and testing a series of reassortants and mutants, we found that four gradually accumulated mutations in PA are responsible for the increased pathogenicity and transmissibility of LN265. We further revealed that these mutations increase the messenger RNA transcription of viral proteins by enhancing the endonuclease cleavage activity and viral RNA–binding ability of the PA protein. Our study demonstrates that EA H1N1 swine influenza virus became pathogenic and transmissible in ferrets by acquiring key mutations in PA and provides important insights for monitoring field strains with pandemic potential.

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“…( 4 ) and the G2 viruses reported by H. Li et al. ( 32 ). To evaluate the replication of these two viruses in mammals, groups of three BALB/c mice were intranasally (i.n.)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

A Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza reassortant virus became pathogenic and highly transmissible due to mutations in its PA gene

Meng

Yang

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The G4 EA virus HA binds preferentially to alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid receptors and replicates efficiently in human airway epithelial cells [33]. Given the zoonotic potential of the ancestral G4 EA H1N1 virus 13 [34], the identification of this novel lineage in Cambodia is of particular importance, and highlights concerns surrounding inter-regional spread of swIAVs as a key driver in the emergence of new virus lineages. We also found multiple instances of CS H1 coupled with EA N1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This novel EA H1N2 has a unique gene constellation comprised of a swine-origin G4 EA H1-HA, a N2-HA originating from human viruses and internal genes from TRIG viruses. In contrast, the ancestral G4 EA H1N1 virus that emerged from pigs in Henan, China in 2011 [33], contained EA virus H1 and N1 genes, human H1N1/pdm09-derived internal genes and a TRIG-derived NS gene, and has since spread to other parts of China including Jilin, Liaoning and Tianjin [34]. The G4 EA virus HA binds preferentially to alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid receptors and replicates efficiently in human airway epithelial cells [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genomic landscape of swine influenza A viruses in Southeast Asia

Zeller

Wong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Swine are a primary source for the emergence of pandemic influenza A viruses. The intensification of swine production, along with global trade, has amplified the transmission and zoonotic risk of swine influenza virus (swIAV). Effective surveillance is essential to uncover emerging virus strains, however gaps remain in our understanding of the swIAV genomic landscape in Southeast Asia. By collecting more than 4,000 nasal swabs and 4,000 sera from pigs in Cambodia, we unmasked the co-circulation of multiple lineages of genetically diverse swIAV of pandemic concern. Genomic analyses revealed a novel European avian-like H1N2 swine reassortant variant with North American triple reassortant internal genes, that emerged approximately seven years before its first detection in pigs in 2021. Using phylogeographic reconstruction, we identified south central China as the dominant source of swine viruses disseminated to other regions in China and Southeast Asia. We also identified nine distinct swIAV lineages in Cambodia, which diverged from their closest ancestors between two to 15 years ago, indicating significant undetected diversity in the region, including reverse zoonoses of human H1N1/2009 pandemic and H3N2 viruses. A similar period of cryptic circulation of swIAVs occurred in the decades before the H1N1/2009 pandemic. The hidden diversity of swIAV observed here further emphasizes the complex underlying evolutionary processes present in this region, reinforcing the importance of genomic surveillance at the human-swine interface for early warning of disease emergence to avoid future pandemics.

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“…So far, at least seven different serum subtypes of SIV have been found, and classical swine H1N1, avian-like H1N1, and humanoid H3N2 strains are widely prevalent in pigs. Serological epidemiological investigation of SI showed that the distribution and evolution of SIV in China is becoming increasingly complex [51]. The application of BNV is of great significance to block the transmission of swine influenza virus in China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle-Based Bivalent Swine Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces Enhanced Immunity and Effective Protection against Drifted H1N1 and H3N2 Viruses in Mice

Tang

Cui

Chang

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Swine influenza virus (SIV) circulates worldwide, posing substantial economic loss and disease burden to humans and animals. Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent SIV infection and transmission. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a recombinant, baculovirus-insect cell system-expressed bivalent nanoparticle SIV vaccine in mice challenged with drifted swine influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. After a prime-boost immunization, the bivalent nanoparticle vaccine (BNV) induced high levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies, virus-neutralization (VN) antibodies, and antigen-specific IgG antibodies in mice, as well as more efficient cytokine levels. The MF59 and CPG1 adjuvant could significantly promote both humoral and cellular immunity of BNV. The MF59 adjuvant showed a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, and the CPG1 adjuvant tended to show a Th1-favored response. The BALB/c challenge test showed that BNV could significantly reduce lung viral loads and feces viral shedding, and showed fewer lung pathological lesions than those in PBS and inactivated vaccine groups. These results suggest that this novel bivalent nanoparticle swine influenza vaccine can be used as an efficacious vaccine candidate to induce robust immunity and provide broad protection against drifted subtypes in mice. Immune efficacy in pigs needs to be further evaluated.

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Prevalence, Genetics and Evolutionary Properties of Eurasian Avian-like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Liaoning

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

A Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza reassortant virus became pathogenic and highly transmissible due to mutations in its PA gene

A Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza reassortant virus became pathogenic and highly transmissible due to mutations in its PA gene

The genomic landscape of swine influenza A viruses in Southeast Asia

Nanoparticle-Based Bivalent Swine Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces Enhanced Immunity and Effective Protection against Drifted H1N1 and H3N2 Viruses in Mice

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