Prevalence, Characterization, and Mycotoxin Production Ability of Fusarium Species on Korean Adlay (Coix lacrymal-jobi L.) Seeds

Abstract

Adlay seed samples were collected from three adlay growing regions (Yeoncheon, Hwasun, and Eumseong region) in Korea during 2012. Among all the samples collected, 400 seeds were tested for fungal occurrence by standard blotter and test tube agar methods and different taxonomic groups of fungal genera were detected. The most predominant fungal genera encountered were Fusarium, Phoma, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Cochliobolus and Leptosphaerulina. Fusarium species accounted for 45.6% of all species found; and, with phylogenetic analysis based on the combined sequences of two protein coding genes (EF-1α and β-tubulin), 10 Fusarium species were characterized namely, F. incarnatum (11.67%), F. kyushuense (10.33%), F. fujikuroi (8.67%), F. concentricum (6.00%), F. asiaticum (5.67%), F. graminearum (1.67%), F. miscanthi (0.67%), F. polyphialidicum (0.33%), F. armeniacum (0.33%), and F. thapsinum (0.33%). The Fusarium species were then examined for their morphological characteristics to confirm their identity. Morphological observations of the species correlated well with and confirmed their molecular identification. The ability of these isolates to produce the mycotoxins fumonisin (FUM) and zearalenone (ZEN) was tested by the ELISA quantitative analysis method. The result revealed that FUM was produced only by F. fujikuroi and that ZEN was produced by F. asiaticum and F. graminearum.

Genetic Diversity of Fungi Producing Mycotoxins in Stored Crops

“…Alternatively, the number of genes may be related to the amount of toxin, and the method of estimate the toxin can affect the amount of poison 39 . Previous study also showed that the rate of production of toxins on oilseeds crops (exceeding 300 ppb) was more than the production it on grain 22 .…”

“…According to the above-mentioned studies 16,18,19,22 , frequency and sovereignty indicators illustrate that some species in the environment have been confirmed and replicated, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, despite the different environmental conditions of each study. This evidence shows the extent of these species of fungi to tolerate the various environmental changes.…”

“…Fungi varied in the production of fungal toxins and the variation in proportions was attributed to the genetic ability of different fungal isolates as shown in many studies 22,28,32,34 .…”

Quantitative Analysis of Fungal Contamination of Different Herbal Medicines in China

“…Fusarium and Alternaria are notorious for their mycotoxin-producing abilities, but few studies have focused on the mycotoxin production capacity of the two fungi isolated from herbal medicines. An et al [32] examined the mycotoxin production ability of the Fusarium species from Korean adlay seeds by ELISA analysis, and FUM and ZEN were the main mycotoxin products. However, the isolated Fusarium species produced only the acetyl forms of DON in our study, and no other mycotoxins were detected.…”

The inhibition of Fusarium wilt in Chili by Endophytic Fungi isolated from Green Betel (Piper betle L.) Leaf

“…An antagonist test in vitro was conducted to determine the antagonistic activity of selected betel endophytic fungi against Fusarium pathogenic fungi. The antagonistic in vitro test was observed on the 10th day when the pathogen control hyphae had reached the edge of the petri dish [20]. The fungi used for the antagonist test were fungi that had passed the pathogenicity test, namely endophytic fungi with codes ES3, ES7, ES9, ES23, ES26, ES27, and ES28 [21].…”