Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of Long COVID among diagnosed cases of COVID-19

Arjun, M C; Singh, Arvind Kumar; Pal, Debkumar; Das, Kajal; Alekhya, G.; Venkateshan, Mahalingam; Mishra, Baijayantimala; Patro, Binod Kumar; Mohapatra, Prasanta Raghab; Subba, Sonu Hangma

doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.21268536

Cited by 22 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Fatigue was the most common symptoms reported in several studies (Mandal et al, 2021) (Arjun et al, 2022). It was confirmed by this study; nearly 60% of patients had fatigue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Presence of multiple symptoms and severity of acute illness in terms of oxygen requirement were associated with long COVID in this study as well as other studies (Jones et Corresponding Author: Khin Phyu Pyar al., 2021) (Arjun et al, 2022). It was likely that they might probably have high viral load to have severe symptoms though viral load was not easy to perform in poor resource setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Predicting Factors and Impact of Long COVID Syndrome Following Third Wave of Epidemic in Myanmar: Prospective Study

Pyar

2022

ijmscrs

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China at the end of 2019, became a major threat to health around the world by causing acute COVID-19 infection. After recovery, a significant number of patients experience prolonged symptoms, long COVID syndrome. The prevalence of long COVID syndrome, its symptoms, severity and relation between clinical parameters and long COVID syndrome, and its impact were not studied in Myanmar. Methods: A prospective study was conducted via telecommunication to patients with positive SARS COV 2 PCR from nasopharyngeal swab during the third wave from end of May to August 2021. Data were collected by using standardized forms and analysis was done. A chi-square test of independence was performed to examine the relation between age groups, gender, body mass index (BMI), vaccination status, comorbidity status, severity of initial symptoms, oxygen requirement status, and symptoms of long covid syndrome. Results: Though initial recruitment included 18,709 patients with PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection, only 853 patients with recovery were analyzed. Long COVID syndrome was recorded in nearly 40% (333/853) of them; sixty percent of them (520/853) did not experienced symptoms following recovery. The common presenting symptoms in order of frequency were fatigue 58.9% (196/333), insomnia 27.3% (91/333), palpitation 17.1% (57/333), poor concentration 15.6% (52/333), anxiety 8.7% (29/333), myalgia 6.6% (22/333), chest pain 5.1% (17/333), persistent cough 4.2% (14/333), rash 3% (10/333), headache 2.7% (9/333), diarrhea 1.8% (6/333), anosmia 1.5% (5/333), sensory symptoms 0.9% (3/333) and dyspnea 0.9% (3/333). The majority 70% described as mild- not disturbing daily activity or job; however, 3% had severe symptoms- disturbing daily activity or job. Minority of cases 3% (10/333) required oxygen therapy for 2 months. Age, sex and BMI were not related with long COVID syndrome. However, initial multiple symptoms more than 2, co-morbidity, vaccination and initial oxygen requirement had significantly relationship with development of long COVID syndrome. Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of long COVID syndrome among survivors was 40%; the common presenting symptoms in order of frequency were fatigue, insomnia, palpitation and poor concentration. Most of the cases had mild symptoms- not disturb job or daily routine activity. Nearly 80% of them admitted that their health status was not back to pre-COVID condition. Not only the patients with COVID-19 infection having initial multiple symptoms, co-morbidity, no vaccination and initial oxygen requirement but also their care givers should be warned about possible long COVID syndrome; and the necessary for follow up. Vaccination may prevent long COVID syndrome; it should be prioritized to those with comorbidity. It highlighted the need for systematic follow-up after hospitalisation with COVID-19 with multi-disciplinary team, rehabilitation and further investigation.

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“…Fatigue was the most common symptoms reported in several studies (Mandal et al, 2021) (Arjun et al, 2022). It was confirmed by this study; nearly 60% of patients had fatigue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Predicting Factors and Impact of Long COVID Syndrome Following Third Wave of Epidemic in Myanmar: Prospective Study

Pyar

2022

ijmscrs

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“…A retrospective cohort study conducted by Arjun et al [ 6 ] recruited 487 participants who tested positive for COVID-19. Participants were surveyed regarding vaccination status and long COVID symptomatology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, Taquet et al did not find any difference between vaccinated and unvaccinated populations [ 19 ]. Paradoxically, Arjun et al reported worsening symptoms in participants who were completely vaccinated before contracting the coronavirus disease [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccine and Long COVID: A Scoping Review

Mumtaz¹,

Sheikh

Khan³

et al. 2022

Life

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As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, changing definitions and therapeutics regarding the post-acute sequela of COVID-19, particularly long COVID, have become a subject of great interest and study. The study aims to describe the pathophysiology and discuss different therapeutic agents currently available for long COVID. Another objective is to assess comparative efficacy between different types of vaccines on symptoms of long COVID. A preliminary search was conducted using Ovid Medline, Embase, medRxiv, and NIH COVID-19 portfolios. A total of 16 studies were included in our review. Despite some of the data showing variable results, most of the vaccinated patients reported improvement in long COVID symptoms with no significant difference between various types of vaccines. Further trials are needed to better identify the comparative efficacy of vaccines for long COVID and ascertain other therapeutic modalities.

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“…Firstly, by preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Level 1); secondly, by reducing the severity of the disease in vaccinated but infected individuals (Level 2); and finally, vaccination may benefit people who already have long COVID (Level 3). However, recent observational studies provide contradictory results and contain methodological flaws which preclude firm conclusions on level 2 and 3 vaccine impact (6, 7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Byambasuren

Stehlik

Clark

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on preventing or treating long COVID is unclear. We aim to assess the impact of COVID vaccinations administered (i) before and (ii) after acute COVID-19, including vaccination after long COVID diagnosis, on the rates or symptoms of long COVID. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 trials, and Europe PMC for preprints from 1 Jan 2020 to 16 Feb 2022. We included trials, cohort, and case control studies reporting on long COVID cases and symptoms with vaccine administration both before and after COVID-19 diagnosis as well as after long COVID diagnosis. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I. Results: We screened 356 articles and found no trials, but 6 observational studies from 3 countries (USA, UK, France) that reported on 442,601 patients. The most common long COVID symptoms studied include fatigue, cough, loss of smell, shortness of breath, loss of taste, headache, muscle ache, trouble sleeping, difficulty concentrating, worry or anxiety, and memory loss or confusion. Four studies reported data on vaccination before SARS-CoV-2 infection, of which three showed statistically significant reduction in long COVID: the odds ratio of developing long COVID with one dose of vaccine ranged between OR 0.22 to 1.03; with two doses OR 0.51 to 1; and with any dose OR 0.85 to 1.01. Three studies reported on post-infection vaccination with odds ratios between 0.38 to 0.91. The high heterogeneity between studies precluded any meaningful meta-analysis. Studies failed to adjust for potential confounders such as other protective behaviours, and missing data, thus increasing the risk of bias, and decreasing the certainty of evidence to low. Discussion: Current studies suggest that COVID-19 vaccinations may have protective and therapeutic effects on long COVID. However, more robust comparative observational studies and trials are urgently needed to clearly determine effectiveness of vaccines in prevention and treatment of long COVID.

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Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of Long COVID among diagnosed cases of COVID-19

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

The Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Predicting Factors and Impact of Long COVID Syndrome Following Third Wave of Epidemic in Myanmar: Prospective Study

The Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Predicting Factors and Impact of Long COVID Syndrome Following Third Wave of Epidemic in Myanmar: Prospective Study

COVID-19 Vaccine and Long COVID: A Scoping Review

Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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