Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in <scp>HIV</scp>‐infected adults at three urban clinics in a post‐conflict setting, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Katoto, Patrick D. M. C.; Thienemann, Friedrich; Bulabula, Andre N H; Esterhuizen, Tonya; Murhula, Aimé; Lunjwire, Pierre P. M.; Bihehe, Dieudonné M.; Nachega, Jean B.

doi:10.1111/tmi.13073

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…This result is consistent in studies of PLWHIV reflecting the economic impact of HIV infection on the young working population [11] [14] [15]. The female predominance highlighted in our study is also consistent in the literature reflecting the greater susceptibility of women to HIV infection than men [16] [17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with HIV in Lome (Togo): Epidemiological Aspects and Associated Factors

Moukaila¹,

Mossi²,

Kpelafia³

et al. 2020

OJEMD

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with HIV in Lome (Togo): Epidemiological Aspects and Associated Factors

Moukaila¹,

Mossi²,

Kpelafia³

et al. 2020

OJEMD

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“… 6 , 9 , 14 , 41 Studies from Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda found it to be a high burden problem with prevalence of 27%, and 58%, respectively. 51 , 52 Higher BMI was the main driver behind MetS in this study, also supported by previous reports. 9 , 41 The differences in the prevalence could have resulted from differences in study design, patient populations, criteria used to define MetS, variation of ART regimen, particularly PIs, and variation in the prevalence of components of MetS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Prevalence of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among HIV Infected Patients on Anti-Retroviral Treatment in a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia

Woldeyes¹,

Fisseha²,

Mulatu³

et al. 2022

HIV

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Background Anti-retroviral treatment has improved mortality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, which is offset by an increasing burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data regarding prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV infected patients in Ethiopia are very scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVD risks and associated factors in patients with HIV. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 333 patients with HIV infection, using a modified World Health Organization’s stepwise approach to surveillance questionnaire. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurement was done along with biochemical studies. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using Framingham risk score. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between cardiovascular risks and associated factors, with a p-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of the participants was 45 years, and 69.2% were females. Most (80.9%) of the participants had viral load below 50 copies/mL and the mean CD4 count was 579 cells/mm 3 . Dyslipidemia was the most common risk factor identified in 69.4%, followed by abnormal fasting blood glucose (≥100 mg/dL) in 36.8%. Hypertension was diagnosed in 23.8%, while 22.8% and 11.1% had metabolic syndrome and obesity, respectively. Framingham risk score was low in 95.9%. Male gender, increasing age, high body mass index and previous ART regimen being tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and nevirapine increased CVD risk factors. Conclusion Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were high in the population studied. There is a need to raise awareness about the risk factors, and patients should have timely follow-up and care.

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“…Hamooya et al [19] reported that individuals on the dolutegravir‐based regimen had a two‐fold higher odds of MetS than those on an NNRTI‐based regimen. Other studies [20–22] have also implicated Pis in the development of MetS. However, some studies have shown contrary results [23–25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of, risk factors for, and target organ damage from metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV on ART: A cross‐sectional analysis in Chongqing, China

Liu,

He,

et al. 2023

HIV Medicine

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IntroductionThe incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in people living with HIV is significantly higher than in people without HIV. MetS is not only a major driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but is also closely related to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for MetS and to further understand the degree of damage to target organs.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional descriptive study conducted at Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, China. Information was collected via questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory tests. We used the China Diabetes Society guidelines to define MetS. Pooled cohort equations were calculated to compare CVD risk in the next 10 years in people living with HIV aged ≥40 years with or without MetS. We used Student's t‐test, the chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, binary logistic regression, and multiple linear regression in the statistical analysis.ResultsThe study included 979 people living with HIV, including 13 who have experienced CVD, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The median age was 43.0 years, 20.9% were female, and the median ART time was 45.0 months. The prevalence of MetS was 33.9%. The components of MetS criteria were hyperglycaemia (50.4%), hypertriglyceridaemia (48.4%), hypertension (46.8%), low concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (28.2%), and abdominal obesity (25.0%). Higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.266; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.203–1.333), higher total cholesterol (OR 1.267; 95% CI 1.011–1.588), high alcohol consumption (OR 1.973; 95% CI 1.009–3.859), and family history of diabetes (OR 1.726; 95% CI 1.075–2.770) were independent risk factors for MetS. Compared with the non‐MetS group, the MetS group had a higher rate of urine albumin (23.8% vs 14.8%, p = 0.001), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (18.37% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.020) and β2‐microglobin (p = 0.004) increased more markedly in the MetS group. Regarding the risk of developing CVD events in the next 10 years, 38.5% of those in the MetS group were at high or very high risk, which was significantly higher than in the non‐MetS group (p < 0.001). In addition, age (p < 0.001) and sex (p = 0.002) are independent risk factors for developing CVD events in the next 10 years.ConclusionsThe prevalence of MetS in people living with HIV on ART is high in Chongqing, China. Risk factors for the development of MetS are high alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, higher body mass index, and higher total cholesterol levels. In addition, MetS is associated with a risk of CKD and the incidence of 10‐year CVD.

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Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in HIV‐infected adults at three urban clinics in a post‐conflict setting, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract: MS was highly prevalent in this hospital-based study population. Beside known traditional risk factors and contribution of specific ART regimens to MS, daily exposure to BMF is new and of specific concern, necessitating targeted urgent prevention and management interventions.

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with HIV in Lome (Togo): Epidemiological Aspects and Associated Factors

Metabolic Syndrome in People Living with HIV in Lome (Togo): Epidemiological Aspects and Associated Factors

Prevalence of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among HIV Infected Patients on Anti-Retroviral Treatment in a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia

Prevalence of, risk factors for, and target organ damage from metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV on ART: A cross‐sectional analysis in Chongqing, China

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