Prevalence and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant and β-lactamase producing Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from duck, pigeon, and quail carcasses in Mansoura, Egypt

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovars in Buffalo Meat in Egypt

“…As has been previously indicated by several authors [ 3 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 17 ], it is important to mention that more than one Salmonella isolate was tested from a single positive meat sample for the following reasons: ( i ) meat samples can contain more than one Salmonella serovars, ( ii ) two or more of the same Salmonella serovars can exhibit different antimicrobial resistant patterns, ( iii ) more than one isolates of the same or different Salmonella serovar taken from a single positive sample can exhibit different existence profiles of the virulence genes tested.…”

“…Multiplex PCR ( Figure 2 ) method was carried out to target the conserved regions of Salmonella spp., such as the invA , stn , and hilA genes [ 9 , 37 , 38 ]. PCR amplification results revealed that only 53 (65.4%) out of the 81 biochemically identified isolates from the examined buffalo meat specimens were confirmed as Salmonella spp.…”

“…The least effective antimicrobials against the tested Salmonella isolates were E, S, and CM, with bacterial resistance percentages of 100%, 98.1%, and 94.3%, respectively ( Table 2 ). The high resistance rates of Salmonella isolates against the aforementioned antimicrobials, which are widely used in human as well as veterinary medicine in Egypt are probably due to their over-usage as therapeutics, prophylactic agents, or growth promoters in the livestock veterinary medicine of the screened region [ 9 , 16 , 44 , 45 ].…”

“…Although Salmonella spp. holds an uppermost position among the foodborne pathogens in Egypt, there is no national surveillance of reliable statistical data concerning the illness and economic dilemma of foodborne salmonellosis in the country [ 9 ]. The supreme predominant serovars recovered from foodborne infection cases were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, which account for 46%, and 24% of gastroenteritis outbreaks, respectively [ 10 ].…”

“…The increased prevalence rates of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms during the course of food production is possible due to the extensive use of the common antimicrobials (particularly overuse or misuse) as growth promoters, prophylactic, or therapeutics, in food-producing animals [ 15 ]. The emergence of MDR Salmonella has become a global public health problem, as it gravitates toward more virulence [ 9 ].…”