Extensively drug-, ciprofloxacin-, cefotaxime-, and azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from camel meat in Egypt

Sallam, Khalid Ibrahim; Kasem, Nahed Gomaa; Abdelkhalek, Adel; Elshebrawy, Hend Ali

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110538

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…To address this critical knowledge gap, we investigated Salmonella strains for the possible presence of genes encoding for β-lactamases. The majority of the Salmonella isolates in the current study and surveillance studies of Salmonella in dairy products [17,18,26], camel meat [38], retailed beef and chicken meat [39], and among food handlers and human patients [26] from Egypt were XDR or MDR, which have been confirmed to be positive for at least one or more NSBL (bla OXA-1 + bla OXA-2 ) genes, as well as plasmid-and chromosome-encoded ESBL (bla CTX-M + bla TEM-1 ) genes and AmpC BL (bla CMY-1 + bla CMY-2 ) resistant genes. Similarly, bla OXA-1 , bla CTX-M , and bla TEM-1 were the most frequently identified β-lactams resistance genes of E. coli and Shigella species recovered from raw milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt [40,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Rumi and Pasteurized Kareish Cheeses Are a Source of β-Lactam-Resistant Salmonella in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Insights into Their Incidence, AMR Pattern, Genotypic Determinants of Virulence and β-Lactam Resistance

Elzhraa,

Al-Ashmawy,

El-Sherbini

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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The spread of superbugs in dairy products can jeopardize global public health. To date, information on the incidence rates of virulent and β-lactams-resistant (BLR) Salmonella in cheeses from rural areas of Egypt has been lacking. Biochemical, serological, antibiotic susceptibility, and multiplex PCR (M-PCR) tests were performed to identify and characterize Salmonella isolates. In this study, 44 (15.71%) Salmonella isolates of eight different serotypes were recovered from 280 samples of Rumi and pasteurized Kariesh cheeses across the Nile Delta region of Egypt. The most predominant serotypes were S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Infantis. The virulence genes (invA, stn, and hilA) were identified in all isolates. However, spvC was only detected in S. Typhimurium. The highest resistance was developed against Erythromycin and Clindamycin (90.91%), followed by Ceftazidime and Cephalothin (84.09%). Meropenem and colistin were the most effective antibiotics. A high proportion (79.55%) of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates carried narrow spectrum (NS), extended-spectrum (ES), and AmpC-BLR genes. The blaOXA-1, blaOXA-2, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-1, and blaCMY-2 BLR genes were positive in 37.04%, 29.63%, 25.93%, 14.81%, 37.04%, and 3.70% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, a high prevalence of virulence and BLR genes harboring Salmonella strains in Egyptian cheeses is considered a great threat to public health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Rumi and Pasteurized Kareish Cheeses Are a Source of β-Lactam-Resistant Salmonella in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Insights into Their Incidence, AMR Pattern, Genotypic Determinants of Virulence and β-Lactam Resistance

Elzhraa,

Al-Ashmawy,

El-Sherbini

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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“…This could potentially explain the discrepancy between the identity of rrnH and the contents of the CRISPR-1 locus, giving the CRISPR-1 locus an advantage over the rrnH system. The prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis, in contrast to Salmonella Indiana strains, is higher among camels bred in the Middle East region [ 26 , 27 ]. Overall, it appears that the CRISPR-1 locus poses a challenge to the rrnH identification system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat-1 (CRISPR-1) Locus as a Tool for Tracing the Zoonotic History of Salmonella enterica Strains

Neamah,

Mahdi,

Sameir

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Background Salmonella enterica is a significant foodborne pathogen that causes considerable illness and death in humans and animals. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system in bacteria acts as an adaptive immune defense against invasive genetic elements by incorporating short intergenic spacers (IGSs) into CRISPR loci. These loci serve as molecular records of past interactions with phages and plasmids, providing insights into the transmission and evolution of bacterial strains across different hosts. Aim This study aimed to investigate the diversity of IGSs in the CRISPR-1 locus of S. enterica isolates from humans and camels. The objective was to assess the potential of IGSs to distinguish strains, track sources, and understand patterns of zoonotic transmission. Materials and methods Genomic DNA was extracted from multiple strains of S. enterica , and the CRISPR-1 locus was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and sequenced. The sequences were compared to identify distinct patterns of IGSs and potential host-specific characteristics. Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics tools were used to classify the IGSs and determine their similarity to known sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Results Sequence analysis revealed five distinct CRISPR-1 types among S. enterica isolates from humans and three among camel isolates. The presence of shared IGSs between human and camel S. enterica isolates suggested zoonotic or reverse-zoonotic transmission events. Additionally, host-specific unknown IGSs (UIGS) were identified. Importantly, camel isolates initially identified as S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis based on rrnH gene sequencing were reclassified as S. enterica serovar Enteritidis based on CRISPR-1 profiling, demonstrating the higher resolution of CRISPR-based genotyping. Conclusion The diversity of IGSs in the CRISPR-1 locus effectively differentiated S. enterica strains and provided insights into their evolutionary origins and transmission dynamics. CRISPR-based genotyping proves to be a promising tool to complement traditional serotyping methods, enhancing the molecular epidemiology of salmonellosis and potentially leading to better management and control strategies for this pathogen.

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Contamination Status and Serotypes Distribution of Salmonella in Food in Yantai City, China: A 14-Year Continuous Monitoring Study

Dong,

Wang,

Feng

et al. 2024

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Extensively drug-, ciprofloxacin-, cefotaxime-, and azithromycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from camel meat in Egypt

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

Rumi and Pasteurized Kareish Cheeses Are a Source of β-Lactam-Resistant Salmonella in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Insights into Their Incidence, AMR Pattern, Genotypic Determinants of Virulence and β-Lactam Resistance

Rumi and Pasteurized Kareish Cheeses Are a Source of β-Lactam-Resistant Salmonella in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Insights into Their Incidence, AMR Pattern, Genotypic Determinants of Virulence and β-Lactam Resistance

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat-1 (CRISPR-1) Locus as a Tool for Tracing the Zoonotic History of Salmonella enterica Strains

Contamination Status and Serotypes Distribution of Salmonella in Food in Yantai City, China: A 14-Year Continuous Monitoring Study

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