Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone Resistance Mechanisms in Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Slaughter Animals in Poland, 2009–2012

Abstract

The background of quinolone resistance was characterized in ciprofloxacin-resistant commensal Escherichia coli selected out of 3,551 isolates from slaughtered animals in Poland between 2009 and 2012. Plasmid-mediated determinants were suspected in 6.2% of the study group, ranging from 1.1% in cattle to 9.7% in turkeys. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing identified up to four quinolone resistance-determining substitutions in gyrA (Ser83, Asp87) and parC (Ala56, Ser80). Plasmid-mediated mechanisms were identified as qnrS1 (or qnrS3, n=70, including six isolates with chromosomal mutations), qnrB19 (or qnrB10, n=19), and qnrB17 (n=1). All tested isolates were negative for qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. Still, there were several E. coli suspected for both plasmid- and chromosome-mediated resistance with unrevealed genetic background of the phenomenon. Since all tested isolates showed diverse XbaI-PFGE profiles, chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance does not result from the spread of a single resistant clone, however, it is rather due to antimicrobial pressure leading to the selection of random gyr and par mutants. It also favors the selection and spread of plasmids carrying predominant qnr genes, since the same determinants were found in Salmonella, isolated from similar sources. The identification of carrier plasmids and mitigation of their spread might be essential for sustainable quinolone usage in animal husbandry and efficient protection of human health.

Occurrence and Characterization of mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli Isolated From Food-Producing Animals in Poland, 2011–2016

“…This is a serious concern for veterinary medicine and also for human health since direct transmission of resistant isolates from animals to humans has been confirmed (Marshall and Levy, 2011). The genes found in the current study did not differ from the ones identified previously in E. coli occurring in the healthy animal population (Wasyl, 2014; Lalak et al, 2016). The bla CTX – M –15 gene, which occurs in isolates responsible for nosocomial infections in Poland (Empel et al, 2008) was found in this study in only a single pig isolate.…”

Determination of the ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat in Turkey

“…Such a difference can be attributed to the movements of humans, chickens, and vectors, and indicates that the contamination might not originate from a single source (Jakobsen et al, 2010;Sola-Gines et al, 2015). For example, in a study of E. coli isolated from slaughter animals in Poland, Wasyl et al (2014) identified quinolone resistance mechanisms and noted chromosome-encoded quinolone resistance did not result from the spread of a single resistant clone, rather this was due to antimicrobial pressure leading to the selection of random gyr and par mutants.…”

Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance – PMQR MECHANIZMY OPORNOŚCI NA FLUOROCHINOLONY

“…Warto dodać, że największe znaczenie w oporności na antybiotyki i najszersze spektrum substratowe odgrywają białka transportowe należące do rodziny RND, w tym najlepiej poznany i zbadany system -AcrAB-TolC występujący u E. coli i Salmonella enterica [6,85]. AcrB jest białkiem transportowym błony wewnętrznej (funkcjonuje jako pompa), zaś jak się przypuszcza AcrA i znajdujące się w błonie zewnętrznej białko TolC -odgrywają rolę pomocniczą [85].…”

“…transportery kasetonowe ABC wykorzystujące energię pochodzącą z ATP oraz pompy protonowe PMF (Proton Motive Force), do których zalicza się cztery rodziny, takie jak: MFS (Major Facilitator Superfamily), SMR (Small Multidrug Resistance), RND (Resistance -Nodulation Division) oraz MATE (Multidrug and Toxic compound Extruction) [65,66]. Warto dodać, że największe znaczenie w oporności na antybiotyki i najszersze spektrum substratowe odgrywają białka transportowe należące do rodziny RND, w tym najlepiej poznany i zbadany system -AcrAB-TolC występujący u E. coli i Salmonella enterica [6,85]. AcrB jest białkiem transportowym błony wewnętrznej (funkcjonuje jako pompa), zaś jak się przypuszcza AcrA i znajdujące się w błonie zewnętrznej białko TolC -odgrywają rolę pomocniczą [85].…”