Present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance

Abstract

The use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. One alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (PDPs). These are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them.Several pesticides and repellents based on PDPs are already available, and in some cases widely utilised, in modern pest management. Many more have a long history of traditional use in poorer areas of the globe where access to synthetic pesticides is often limited. Preliminary studies support that PDPs could be more widely used to target numerous medical and veterinary pests, with modes of action often specific to invertebrates.Though their current and future potential appears significant, development and deployment of PDPs to target veterinary and medical pests is not without issue. Variable efficacy is widely recognised as a restraint to PDPs for pest control. Identifying and developing natural bioactive PDP components in place of chemically less-stable raw or 'whole’ products seems to be the most popular solution to this problem. A limited residual activity, often due to photosensitivity or high volatility, is a further drawback in some cases (though potentially advantageous in others). Nevertheless, encapsulation technologies and other slow-release mechanisms offer strong potential to improve residual activity where needed.The current review provides a summary of existing use and future potential of PDPs against ectoparasites of veterinary and medical significance. Four main types of PDP are considered (pyrethrum, neem, essential oils and plant extracts) for their pesticidal, growth regulating and repellent or deterrent properties. An overview of existing use and research for each is provided, with direction to more extensive reviews given in many sections. Sections to highlight potential issues, modes of action and emerging and future potential are also included.

Impact of Leaf Eating Caterpillar Controls on the Diversity of Insects in Asiatic Pennywort Farms

“…Our studies showed neem extract has better insect control than Bt. Neem extract has insecticidal activity to a wide range of insects (George et al, 2014). Resende et al (2016) indicated that the richness and diversity of insects depend on location and insecticide spray.…”

Acaricidal Effect of Stem bark Exudate Against Commiphora swynnertonii Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

“…The observed mortality of ticks may be accounted by several possible mechanisms working separately or working in synergic (Chandler ., 2011;Kunz & Kemp, 1994). In some cases, insecticides can have both insecticidal and acaricidal properties (George ., 2014). It is believed that the mechanism of action of terpenoids and f lavonoids might be similar to that of the organophosphate compounds.…”

Integrasi Varietas Tahan dan Bioinsektisida untuk Pengendalian Ulat Perusak Daun Kedelai

“…Senyawa organik yang berasal dari mimba mudah menguap, dilaporkan sebagai komponen insektisida, terdiri atas 6-betahydroxygedunin, nimbin, dan triterpenoid salannin (22,23-dihydronimocinol dan desfurano-6-alphahydroxyazadiradione) yang berasal dari daun segar. Meliacin (7-alfa-senecioyl-(7-deacetyl) -23-o-methylnimocinolide) dan meliacinol [24,25,26,27-Tetranorapotirucal-la-(apoeupha) -1-alphatrimethylacryloxy-21, 23-6-alpha, 28-diepoxy-16-oxo-17-oxa-14,20,22-trien-3-alpha, 7-alpha-diol] dari batang dan kulit kayu (George et al 2014). Senyawa organik yang mudah menguap dari tanaman mimba adalah monoterpen yang bersifat racun bagi serangga dan jamur patogen (Holopainen dan Blande 2013).…”