Presence of WBC, decreased strength, and delayed soreness in muscle after eccentric exercise

MacIntyre, Donna L.; Reid, W. Darlene; Lyster, Donald M.; Szasz, Ivan J.; McKenzie, Donald C.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.1006

Cited by 155 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…The acute reduction in force-generating capacity of 47±5% is in line with earlier observations using the same exercise protocol (23). However, in our subjects a rather large variation in force deficit was observed, ranging from 19 to 73%.…”

Section: Paragraph 32supporting

confidence: 93%

Changes in Calpain Activity, Muscle Structure, and Function after Eccentric Exercise

Raastad

Owe

Paulsen

et al. 2010

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

125

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Section: Paragraph 32supporting

confidence: 93%

Changes in Calpain Activity, Muscle Structure, and Function after Eccentric Exercise

Raastad

Owe

Paulsen

et al. 2010

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

125

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“…In noninjured controls, P o was 8.24 Ϯ 1.34 N, and within 15 min after the eccentric contraction, maximal tetanic tension decreased to 4.23 Ϯ 0.22 N. Tetanic tension continued to decrease (2.83 Ϯ 1.03 N at day 3). This further decline in muscle force has been noted in other studies and has been termed a "secondary injury" (21), likely due to inflammation (34,35,46,51,57). Standard histological staining (hematoxylin and eosin) of sections 1 day after the eccentric contraction showed signs of a robust response, with numerous cells migrating from the vasculature into the extracellular space (data not shown), indicative of an inflammatory response.…”

Section: Muscle Contractile Function and Membrane Damagesupporting

confidence: 70%

Contractile function, sarcolemma integrity, and the loss of dystrophin after skeletal muscle eccentric contraction-induced injury

Lovering

Deyne

2004

American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

143

137

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Lovering, Richard M., and Patrick G. De Deyne. Contractile function, sarcolemma integrity, and the loss of dystrophin after skeletal muscle eccentric contraction-induced injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286: C230-C238, 2004. First published October 1, 2003 10.1152/ajpcell.00199.2003.-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrity of the muscle membrane and its associated cytoskeleton after a contraction-induced injury. A single eccentric contraction was performed in vivo on the tibialis anterior (TA) of male SpragueDawley rats at 900°/s throughout a 90°-arc of motion. Maximal tetanic tension (Po) of the TAs was assessed immediately and at 3, 7, and 21 days after the injury. To evaluate sarcolemmal integrity, we used an Evans blue dye (EBD) assay, and to assess structural changes, we used immunofluorescent labeling with antibodies against contractile (myosin, actin), cytoskeletal (␣-actinin, desmin, dystrophin, ␤-spectrin), integral membrane (␣-and ␤-dystroglycan, sarcoglycan), and extracellular (laminin, fibronectin) proteins. Immediately after injury, P0 was significantly reduced to 4.23 Ϯ 0.22 N, compared with 8.24 Ϯ 1.34 N in noninjured controls, and EBD was detected intracellularly in 54 Ϯ 22% of fibers from the injured TA, compared with 0% in noninjured controls. We found a significant association between EBD-positive fibers and the loss of complete dystrophin labeling. The loss of dystrophin was notable because organization of other components of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton was affected minimally (␤-spectrin) or not at all (␣-and ␤-dystroglycan). Labeling with specific antibodies indicated that dystrophin's COOH terminus was selectively more affected than its rod domain. Twenty-one days after injury, contractile properties were normal, fibers did not contain EBD, and dystrophin organization and protein level returned to normal. These data indicate the selective vulnerability of dystrophin after a single eccentric contraction-induced injury and suggest a critical role of dystrophin in force transduction. muscle injury; dystrophin; cytoskeleton; sarcolemma SKELETAL MUSCLE INJURY is characterized by an immediate loss of the ability to produce force. The cause of this force loss has been attributed to such factors as a defect in excitationcontraction (EC) coupling (55), disruption or loss of forcegenerating structures such as actin and myosin (49), and disruption or loss of force-transmitting structures, such as desmin (6,31). Perhaps the best evidence that disruption of force-bearing structures contributes to strength loss after injury comes from single-fiber studies, where reduction in single-fiber maximal force is observed immediately after eccentric injury (32,33). Although the totality of injury is likely the result of many factors, the purpose of this study was to assess structural defects of the sarcolemma, dystrophin, and dystrophin-associated proteins after a single traumatic muscle injury and to relate these observations to contractile properties.The sarcolemma transmits force and is s...

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“…These data are in agreement with others who have demonstrated a 53% decrease in elbow flexors after 100 repeated eccentric actions (Linnamo, Bottas, & Komi, 2000) and repeated actions of the knee extensors (Brown, Child, Day, & Donnelly, 1997;MacIntyre, Reid, Lyster, Szasz, & McKenzie, 1996). However, others have shown that repeated eccentric muscle actions are extremely fatigue resistant despite high force production (Emery et al, 1994;Hortobagyi et al, 1996;Tesch, 1990 It has been suggested that an ICC of 0.88 or above and CV not exceeding ± 6% demonstrates good reliability in isokinetic strength testing (Gleeson & Mercer, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Reproducibility of an isokinetic eccentric muscle endurance task

Sauret

Croix

Deighan

et al. 2009

European Journal of Sport Science

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Despite the widespread use of isokinetic eccentric muscle endurance protocols, no research has examined the absolute and relative reliability of such tests. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of an isokinetic eccentric knee muscle endurance task. Fifteen healthy untrained males volunteered to take part in the study and written informed consent was obtained. The procedures received approval from the University Research Ethics Committee. Participants visited the laboratory on three separate occasions: 2 weeks before testing to familiarize them with the experimental procedures, and on two separate occasions, 2 weeks apart and at the same time of day. Isokinetic eccentric knee extension and flexion movements of the dominant limb were performed using a calibrated dynamometer (Biodex System 3). Range of motion during testing was set using voluntary maximal full extension (0 rad) to 1.57 rad of knee flexion and testing was conducted at 1.56 rad × s (1 . Participants performed four maximal efforts to determine maximal peak torque. After 2 min rest, participants completed the all-out endurance test of 50 continuous eccentric repetitions. Data were gravity corrected and windowed to only include constant velocity periods. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to examine differences in maximal peak extension and flexion torque and the maximal torque measurement recorded during the endurance test. Absolute and relative reliability of the torque fatigue index, work fatigue index, and total work were assessed through calculation of intra-class correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and absolute 95% limits of agreement using the methods described by Bland and Altman (1986). Differences between the strength test and the endurance trial for peak torque were found to be non-significant for both quadriceps (323 vs. 323 N × m) and hamstrings (183 vs. 178 N × m). The intra-class correlation coefficients revealed significant (PB0.05) positive moderate to strong correlations (r00.44Á 0.94) across repeated trials for all parameters except hamstring torque fatigue (P00.11) and hamstring work fatigue index (P 00.08). Coefficients of variation ranged from 6% to 48% and were large for the work fatigue index and torque fatigue index but acceptable for total work for both the extensors and flexors. The 95% limits of agreement indicated systematic bias in repeated trials for both the work fatigue index and torque fatigue index for extensors and flexors, ranging from (3% to (10%, with less fatigue evident in the second test. There was also systematic bias for total work, with more work being performed during the second than the first test for both extensors and flexors. The random error was large for all variables and there was greater random error in the hamstrings compared with the quadriceps. Together with moderate to strong intra-class correlation coefficients and large coefficients of variation, the data suggest that there is small systematic bias in repeated eccentric muscle actions for both the q...

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Presence of WBC, decreased strength, and delayed soreness in muscle after eccentric exercise

Cited by 155 publications

References 0 publications

Changes in Calpain Activity, Muscle Structure, and Function after Eccentric Exercise

Changes in Calpain Activity, Muscle Structure, and Function after Eccentric Exercise

Contractile function, sarcolemma integrity, and the loss of dystrophin after skeletal muscle eccentric contraction-induced injury

Reproducibility of an isokinetic eccentric muscle endurance task

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