Presence of human papillomavirus type 6 DNA in the perineal verrucoid lesions of Hailey‐Hailey disease

Expression of Sex-Determining Genes in the Scalp of Men with Androgenetic Alopecia

“…In the current study, we further demonstrated the expression of SRY, SOX-9 and WT-1 in human skin. The greater amount of SOX-9 mRNA in the total scalp extract may be partly due to its abundance in sebaceous glands [20]. In concordance with a previous observation on sebaceous glands and immortalized sebocytes [21], we also detected paucity of SF-1 mRNA in patients with AGA, not only in the bald area but also in the occipital scalp.…”

“…It is possible that the overexpression of these molecules is a consequence of some unknown common regulators within the bald scalp rather than the cause of it. On the other hand, a higher level of DAX-1 in the face of men not prone to acne seems to support the role of DAX-1 in counteracting the androgen action [20]. Discordance seems to exist between AGA and acne with regard to the regional expression of the examined steroidogenic transcription factors.…”

Condylomata acuminata in a case of Hailey‐Hailey disease with a novel mutation

“…This case also highlights the importance of HPV infection in HHD. HHD mainly presents as erosions and has a preference for intertriginous areas, such as neck, axillae, and groin [6]. Due to the damage to the skin barrier in patients with HHD, they are susceptible to infections.…”

“…The global prevalence of HPV infection is 11.7 % [7], and this could be even higher in patients with HHD. However, HPV infections in HHD only appeared in a few case reports [1,6,8,9] and could be underestimated. The combination of condyloma acuminatum and HHD can complicate the clinical features, leading to misdiagnosis.…”

“…In addition, HPV can influence HHD in many other aspects. Chen et al proposed that HPV 6 infection may have a vital role in the provocation of HHD [6]. HPV and herpetic infections are predisposing factors for vulval intraepithelial neoplasia [8].…”