“…Typically, these problems are overcome by increasing the surface energy of the materials through introducing polar functionality by either physical (X-ray, laser, ion beam, plasma treatment, or flame treatment) [218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228] or chemical surface modification. [229][230][231][232][233][234][235] Plasma treatment using different gases produces different reactive radicals. Oxygen creates hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, ether, and hydroperoxyl functional groups, among others.…”