Preparation of spherical microparticles composed of cellulose nanofiber and cellulose diacetate via Pickering emulsion templating

Abstract

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) derived from woody bioresources is a fascinating natural nanomaterial. In this work, spherical microparticles were fabricated by using TEMPO-oxidized CNF (TOCNF) and cellulose diacetate (CDA) via Pickering emulsion templating. The CDA-dissolved organic solvents were emulsified stably with TOCNF, followed by removing the solvents to form microspheres with core-shell structures, where the CDA cores were covered with the TOCNF shells. The prepared spherical microparticles possessed an average diameter and sphericity index of 6.4 μm and 0.96, respectively. The zeta-potential value was approximately -48 mV, indicating the stable colloidal system in water. The CDA/TOCNF microparticles were stained with toluidine blue dye for negatively-charged TOCNF. Besides, furry nanofiber-like morphology was observed on the particle surface by scanning electron microscopy. Wood-derived CDA/TOCNF microspheres are a promising alternative to fossil resource-derived, non-biodegradable microbeads in cosmetic applications.

Synthesis and structural design of microspheres comprising cellulose nanofibers and artificial lignin polymer by enzyme-mediated Pickering emulsion templating

“…43 Before testing the ALP/CNF microparticles, we determined the SPF value of our previously prepared microparticles constructed using TOCNF and cellulose diacetate. 44 The SPF value of a sample containing 5.0 wt% TOCNF/cellulose diacetate was approximately 21.4, which was almost the same as that of a particle-free basic cosmetic formulation. Following the addition of ALP/CNF microparticles, the SPF value of the sample increased markedly to 31.8, indicating significant UVB-blocking capability.…”

Development of new microplastic reference particles for usage in pre-defined numbers

“…During the recent years it became more and more evident that comparability of MP data in different studies is not comprehensive and unsatisfying, thus in order to solve this issue, standardized methods following strict QA/QC procedures have to be set in MP research [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] . Research projects like 'BASEMAN', 'EPAL-QUASIMEME/NORMANs rst global interlaboratory study on MPs, or 'EuroQcharme' tried to harmonize sampling, sample processing and methods of identi cation for the sake of comparability [28][29][30] .…”

“…Suspension polymerization or better controllable emulsion polymerization can be used to create spherical RMP particles 16,35,36 . PS is the most used polymer used for producing such RMP beads 16,35,36 .…”

“…Suspension polymerization or better controllable emulsion polymerization can be used to create spherical RMP particles 16,35,36 . PS is the most used polymer used for producing such RMP beads 16,35,36 . However, there are also attempts to produce spherical microplastic particles using other polymer types like PE 16 .…”

“…The residual solutions are ltered to obtain a powder. However, these can only be applied gram wise or as suspension in experiments 16,35,36 .…”