“…'Top-down' techniques are in general well understood processes, and are reproducible and scalable, such as microcontact printing, [102][103][104] photolithography, [71,[105][106][107][108] and electron-beam lithography. [109][110][111] Members of the 'bottom-up' category are block copolymer lithography, [112] nanosphere lithography, [113] or LB lithography. [80] The first report on structured polymer brushes obtained by NMP used a photolithographic approach.…”