Preparation of Liposomal Progesterone and Its Application on the Measurement of Progesterone Interpreted via Electrochemical and Colorimetric Sensing Platforms

Abstract

We herein demonstrate a successful synthesis of methylene blue (MB)‐encapsulated liposomal progesterone (LP) with an amplification merit beneficial for analytical applications. Both colormetric and electrochemical immunosensing strips for the leveling of progesterone, a hormone that helps to regulate the menstrual cycle of women, were achieved and characterized. Particular attention was given to the incorporation of an electrochemical screen‐printed electrode toward disposable and deployed diagnostics, enabling the reliable quantification of progesterone in connection to a LOD of 0.83 pg/mL. The novel, simple and specific amplification approach holds the promise to endorse a fast and high‐fidelity diagnostics required for immediate therapeutic attempts.

New Developments in Liposomal Drug Delivery

“…Competitive binding was carried out between sample progesterone and methylene blue-encapsulated liposomal progesterone. The virtue of the liposomes encapsulating the dye in large amounts provides signal amplification for both colorimetric and electrochemical measurements that can be observed corresponding to the different amounts of the progesterone in the sample …”

“…The virtue of the liposomes encapsulating the dye in large amounts provides signal amplification for both colorimetric and electrochemical measurements that can be observed corresponding to the different amounts of the progesterone in the sample. 419 The interactions between the protein hormone, recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-EPO) immobilized on disposable optical fiber streptavidin biosensor tips, and three different liposome formulations have been investigated by biolayer interferometry. The binding kinetics were measured on the basis of the attachment of liposomes that increase the thickness of the layer of protein-coated surface that is correlated directly to the spectral shift as measured by biolayer interferometry.…”

An Electrochemical Strip to Evaluate and to Discriminate Drug Encapsulation in Lipid Nanovectors

“…26 A similar liposomal architecture, loaded with methylene blue, was also exploited as an electrochemical label in the development of an electrochemical immunosensor for progesterone detection: in this case, the released electrochemical mediator was measured after liposomes were vacuum-dried. 27 Another work exploited the role of a methylene blue-loaded liposome as an electrochemical label to detect enzyme phospholipase A2. The release of the electrochemical mediator, and its following detection, was activated by the presence of the target enzyme and its ability to hydrolyze the phospholipid of the liposomes.…”

“…For instance, a liposome composed mainly of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), and cholesterol was filled with ferrocene carboxylic acid and used as an electrochemical label for the development of an immunoassay for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in saliva: in this case, after the antibody–antigen recognition was obtained, the liposome was dissolved in a methanol-triton X-100 mixture and then analyzed with voltammetry experiments . A similar liposomal architecture, loaded with methylene blue, was also exploited as an electrochemical label in the development of an electrochemical immunosensor for progesterone detection: in this case, the released electrochemical mediator was measured after liposomes were vacuum-dried . Another work exploited the role of a methylene blue-loaded liposome as an electrochemical label to detect enzyme phospholipase A2.…”