Preparation and characterization of TiO2 photocatalysts co-doped with iron (III) and lanthanum for the degradation of organic pollutants

Photocatalytic oxidation of organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater using different modified titanium dioxides: A comparative review

“…-Lanthanide: Lanthanide ions (La 3+ [131][132][133], Ce 3+ [134][135][136][137], Nd 3+ , Er 3+ , Pr 3+ , Gd 3+ , or Sm 3+ [138] are used to enhance photocatalytic activity as they can form complexes with various Lewis bases in the interaction of the functional groups of the organic molecules with their f-orbital.…”

Enhanced photocatalytic properties of reusable TiO 2 -loaded natural porous minerals in dye wastewater purification

“…This can be explained by the fact that lanthanide oxides may lead to Ti-O-Ce interaction with TiO 2 which blocks of the Ti-O species at the interface with TiO 2 domains stabilizing them, hiding the agglomeration of TiO 2 and thus preventing their growth [6,22]. That mechanism can prevent ART and promote stabilization of the anatase phase [7,23], as no rutile peak was observed in the XRD patterns of the Ce-doped TiO 2 /diatomite (Figs. 1b-e).…”

Disparate roles of doped metal ions in promoting surface oxidation of TiO 2 photocatalysis

“…On the other hand, Mn 2+ (0.67 Å), Ni 2+ (0.69 Å), Co 2+ (0.65 Å) and Fe 3+ (0.55 Å) have comparable or smaller radii than Ti 4+ (0.61 Å). It is thermodynamically favorable for these four ions to substitute Ti 4+ in the TiO 2 matrix [14,23,26,34]. The textural properties and adsorption performance of all the fabricated materials are exhibited in Table 1.…”

“…According to the effective radii of doping metal ions [34], Zn 2+ (0.74 Å), Ce 3+ (1.01 Å), Cu 2+ (0.75 Å) and Ag + (1.15 Å) have much larger ionic radii than Ti 4+ . Therefore, it is difficult for these four ions to enter the lattice of TiO 2 to replace the Ti 4+ ion, but they may reside in the interstitial sites of TiO 2 lattice [14,23,26,34]. On the other hand, Mn 2+ (0.67 Å), Ni 2+ (0.69 Å), Co 2+ (0.65 Å) and Fe 3+ (0.55 Å) have comparable or smaller radii than Ti 4+ (0.61 Å).…”

“…Three main strategies have been adopted to strengthen surface-charge separation or broadening the photoabsorption, including metal or non-metal (ion) doping [13][14][15][16][17], anatase-rutile [18] or p-n [19] heterojunction formation and compounding with charge transfer materials [20][21][22]. Among these attempts, metal ion doping has proven to be a simple and valid way to promote photonic efficiency due to the efficient charge transfer from the doped metal ions to Ti 4 + ions [23,24].…”