Preparation and Characterization of Resorbable Bacterial Cellulose Membranes Treated by Electron Beam Irradiation for Guided Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an excellent biomaterial with many medical applications. In this study, resorbable BC membranes were prepared for guided bone regeneration (GBR) using an irradiation technique for applications in the dental field. Electron beam irradiation (EI) increases biodegradation by severing the glucose bonds of BC. BC membranes irradiated at 100 kGy or 300 kGy were used to determine optimal electron beam doses. Electron beam irradiated BC membranes (EI-BCMs) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and using wet tensile strength measurements. In addition, in vitro cell studies were conducted in order to confirm the cytocompatibility of EI-BCMs. Cell viabilities of NIH3T3 cells on 100k and 300k EI-BCMs (100 kGy and 300 kGy irradiated BC membranes) were significantly greater than on NI-BCMs after 3 and 7 days (p < 0.05). Bone regeneration by EI-BCMs and their biodegradabilities were also evaluated using in vivo rat calvarial defect models for 4 and 8 weeks. Histometric results showed 100k EI-BCMs exhibited significantly larger new bone area (NBA; %) than 300k EI-BCMs at 8 weeks after implantation (p < 0.05). Mechanical, chemical, and biological analyses showed EI-BCMs effectively interacted with cells and promoted bone regeneration.

Applications of bacterial-synthesized cellulose in veterinary medicine – a review

“…Cellulose is a linear-chain polymer with several hydroxyl groups with a degree of crystallinity dependent on its source. Bacterial cellulose has relatively high thermal (An et al 2017), mechanical (Tanaka et al 2014), and chemical (Kwak et al 2015) stability in the absence of cellulolytic enzymes, making BC resistant to biodegradation (Daugela et al 2018). Cellulose degradation is achieved by cellulases, cellulose degrading enzymes, which do not exist in the mammalian body (An et al 2017;Daugela et al 2018).…”

“…Several methods were proposed to overcome this problem of crystalline cellulose such as acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis and pretreatment with ionic liquids. Still, these methods have limitations, such as difficulty in precisely controlling degradation and potential cytotoxicity of chemical residues in BC preventing clinical application (An et al 2017).…”

Scaffolds for Chondrogenic Cells Cultivation Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose with Relaxed Fibers Structure Induced Genetically

“…Following steps of washes were conducted in high excess of water, prolonged to two-weeks’ time and disturbed by three thermal sterilization procedures in order to ensure the removal of bacterial cells’ debris. Finally, the scaffolds have been radially sterilized, which could enhance its resorption capability as it was shown in vivo by others [28]. With the advent of many biomaterial compositions, it has become the prime focus of this field to ensure safety of the newly developed material.…”

“…Surprisingly, two in vivo studies conducted on rat models have recently reported resorption capability of bacterial cellulose. The first example was based on implementation of irradiated bacterial cellulose [28]. The second one describes preparation of bi-layered cell-free scaffolds from BNC-composites and its usage in parallel bone and cartilage regeneration [29].…”

Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 2018

“…This Special Issue also presents recent advances in bone tissue engineering and regeneration as well as in osteogenic differentiation. Specifically, resorbable bacterial cellulose membranes, treated by electron beam irradiation, have been reported to be excellent biomaterials for guided bone regeneration [12]. Moreover, Hum et al [13] developed highly porous bioactive glass-based scaffolds, fabricated by the foam replica technique and coated with collagen.…”