“…[60][61][62][63] Aptamers can be immobilized on various solid support substrates through physical or electrochemical adsorption, covalent binding, self-assembly, affinity coupling, and hybridization. 64,65 Following aptamer-based SPME, the resulting eluents have been analyzed using LC coupled with ultraviolet detection, 66 fluorescence detection, 67,68 or MS, 59,60,[69][70][71][72] but are typically performed in offline workflows involving discrete multi-step operations. Direct online coupling of an integrated SPME process comprising selective aptamer-based enrichment of analytes to a portable instrument is highly favorable for rapid on-site detection, allowing enhanced analysis efficiency and throughput.…”