Prenatal Risk and Infant Regulation: Indirect Pathways via Fetal Growth and Maternal Prenatal Stress and Anger

Schuetze, Pamela; Eiden, Rina D.; Colder, Craig R.; Huestis, Marilyn A.; Leonard, Kenneth E.

doi:10.1111/cdev.12801

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Although numerous studies have found effects of PTE on neonatal neurobehavioral functioning and on behavior during middle childhood (Wakschlag, Pickett, Cook, Benowitz, & Leventhal, ; Willoughby, Greenberg, Blair, & Stifter, ), the effects of PTE later in infancy have been inconsistent. While some studies have found evidence of direct effects of PTE on behavior among infants and toddlers such as increased negative affect (e.g., Schuetze & Eiden, ), other studies have not found evidence of direct effects among toddlers or during early childhood (Lavigne et al, ; Schuetze, Eiden, Leonard, Huestis, & Colder, ). While these inconsistencies may be due to variations across studies in dose, timing and duration of exposure, the methods used to assess maternal smoking and the nature of the comparison groups, Lavigne et al () hypothesize that direct effects of smoking might not emerge until later in childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana and child autonomic regulation and reactivity: An analysis of indirect pathways via maternal psychopathology and parenting

Schuetze

Zhao

Eiden

et al. 2019

Developmental Psychobiology

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We examined a conceptual model for the associations of prenatal exposure to tobacco (PTE) and marijuana with child reactivity/regulation at 16 months of age. We hypothesized that PTE would be associated with autonomic reactivity and regulation that these associations would be indirect via maternal anger/hostility, depression/stress, or harsh parenting assessed at 2 months and that these effects would be most pronounced among children exposed to both tobacco and marijuana (PTME). Participants were 247 dyads (81 PTE, 97 PTME, and 69 nonexposed) who were followed up at 2 (N = 247) and 16 months (N = 238) of child age. Results from model testing indicated an indirect association between PTME and autonomic functioning during the second year of life, which was mediated by harsh parenting during caregiver–infant interactions. This study fills an important gap in the literature on PTE, PTME, and autonomic regulation during the toddler years, highlighting the role of maternal parenting as important intervening variables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana and child autonomic regulation and reactivity: An analysis of indirect pathways via maternal psychopathology and parenting

Schuetze

Zhao

Eiden

et al. 2019

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Both these alterations may also result in deficits in regulation of emotions. Indeed, there is robust evidence of the association between PTE and arousal dysregulation in the neonatal period (Espy et al, 2011; Jacobson et al, 1984; Stroud et al, 2009), a smaller literature in infancy (Wiebe et al, 2014; Schuetze et al, 2017), and a larger literature on problem behavior in later childhood (USDHHS, 2014, review). Similarly, prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with deficits in sustained attention and lower self-regulation in later childhood (Day et al, 2006; Day et al, 2011; Day et al, 1994; Fried, 2002; Willford et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis: Effects on autonomic and emotion regulation

Eiden

Schuetze

Shisler

et al. 2018

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Tobacco and cannabis are often used together in pregnancy and both have effects on children's regulatory system. Yet, little is known about the impact of co-use on the development of emotion regulation at the developmentally salient age of 2 years. One pathway linking co-exposure to tobacco and cannabis to toddler regulation may be via poor autonomic regulation in infancy. In addition, substance using mothers may be more dysregulated themselves, which may have direct effects on toddler regulation, but may also affect parenting, particularly maternal sensitivity during mother-child interactions. Thus, a second pathway linking exposure to toddler regulation may be via maternal dysregulation and low maternal sensitivity. We examined a conceptual model linking prenatal exposure to toddler regulation via these two pathways in a prospective sample (N = 247) of mother-child dyads recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy. Results indicated significant effects of co-exposure on poor autonomic regulation in infancy, which in turn predicted poor toddler emotion regulation. Mothers who used both tobacco and cannabis displayed lower sensitivity during play interactions with their infants. Maternal sensitivity was modestly stable from infant to toddler period and was predictive of higher toddler emotion regulation. Continued postnatal exposure to tobacco was also a significant, unique predictor of lower toddler emotion regulation. Results highlight the importance of examining co-exposure effects and suggest that this common pattern of use may be associated with higher infant/toddler risks.

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“…Eiden et al found that MJ+TOB coexposure was associated with less adaptive autonomic regulation at nine months, which was then associated with diminished emotion regulation at twenty-four months (Eiden et al, 2018). Schuetze et al investigated prenatal MJ+TOB co-exposure effects on infant reactivity and regulation in the context of maternal and fetal mediators (maternal stress, anger, fetal growth) (Schuetze et al, 2018). No direct effects were found; however, prenatal MJ+TOB exposure was associated with altered fetal growth, which was then associated with altered regulation and negative affect at 9 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal tobacco and marijuana co-use: Impact on newborn neurobehavior

Stroud

Papandonatos

McCallum

et al. 2018

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Tobacco and marijuana are some of the most common prenatal substance exposures worldwide. The social acceptability and political landscape of marijuana and its potency have changed dramatically in the last two decades leading to increased use by pregnant women. Despite evidence for increasing marijuana use and high rates of co-use of tobacco (TOB) and marijuana (MJ) during pregnancy, the impact of prenatal exposure to each substance is typically studied in isolation. We investigated the influence of co-exposure to TOB and MJ on infant neurobehavioral development over the first postnatal month. Participants were 111 mother-infant pairs from a low-income, diverse sample (Mean age=25±5; 54% minorities). TOB and MJ use were assessed by Timeline Followback interview with biochemical confirmation. Three groups were identified: (a) prenatal MJ+TOB, (b) prenatal TOB only, (c) controls. Newborn neurobehavior was assessed at seven time points over the first postnatal month using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale. MJ+TOB-exposed infants showed decreased ability to selfsoothe (Self-regulation) and attend to stimuli (Attention), and increased need for examiner soothing (Handling) and low motor activity (Lethargy) versus unexposed infants. Despite low levels of MJ use in MJ+TOB co-users, co-exposure was associated with nearly double the impact on infant self-soothing and need for examiner soothing versus TOB-exposure alone. Effects of MJ+TOB co-exposure appeared more pronounced for daughters than for sons. Although results are preliminary, they highlight additional risk from dual exposure to MJ+TOB vs. TOB exposure alone, particularly for daughters. Results also highlight the critical importance of investigating prenatal exposures in concert and the need for intervention efforts to address MJ co-use in pregnant TOB users.

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Prenatal Risk and Infant Regulation: Indirect Pathways via Fetal Growth and Maternal Prenatal Stress and Anger

Cited by 17 publications

References 92 publications

Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana and child autonomic regulation and reactivity: An analysis of indirect pathways via maternal psychopathology and parenting

Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana and child autonomic regulation and reactivity: An analysis of indirect pathways via maternal psychopathology and parenting

Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis: Effects on autonomic and emotion regulation

Prenatal tobacco and marijuana co-use: Impact on newborn neurobehavior

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