Prenatal predictors of postpartum depression and postpartum depressive symptoms in Mexican mothers: a longitudinal study

Abstract

Prospective studies on the predictors of postpartum depression (PPD) in Latin America are scarce, which is a matter of importance, since the significance of PPD risk factors may vary according to the level of development of a country, the types of measurement and the time periods assessed. This study identifies the prenatal predictors for PPD (diagnostic interview) and postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS) (self-report scale) in Mexican mothers at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Two hundred and ten women were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and various risk factor scales. Univariate logistic regressions showed that social support, marital satisfaction, life events, a history of psychopathology, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, the traditional female role, previous miscarriages/termination of pregnancy and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy were significant predictors for both PPD and PPDS at both assessment times in the postpartum. Education, age, marital status, income, occupation, parity, C-section and resilience were significant for only one of the measurements and/or at just one assessment time. General findings replicate a high- and low-income country observed psychosocial risk profile and confirm a sociodemographic and obstetric profile of vulnerability that is more prevalent in resource-constrained countries. PPD constitutes a high burden for new mothers, particularly for those living in low-middle-income countries who face social disadvantages (such as low educational attainment and income).

Incidence of and social-demographic and obstetric factors associated with postpartum depression: differences among ethnic Han and Kazak women of Northwestern China

“…This study confirmed the finding that previous pregnancy loss is an independent risk factor for PPD ( Giannandrea et al, 2013 ). Previous studies also found that in economically underdeveloped countries or regions, unplanned pregnancy represents a risk factor for PPD ( De Castro et al, 2015 ; Lara, Navarrete & Nieto, 2016 ), as well as women who delivered female infants were more likely to suffer from PPD ( Xie et al, 2011 ). That association between female infant and PPD might best be explained by the prevalent desire for male offspring, and the negative reactions of family members toward the birth of a female infant, although this association was not found in a region with a relatively developed economy in China ( Wan et al, 2009 ).…”

Social Support and Postpartum Depression Revisited: The Traditional Female Role as Moderator among Mexican Women

“…The objective of the present study is to explore the role of TFR as a moderator of the relationship between social support and PPD symptomatology through a secondary data analysis of a longitudinal study on the prevalence and risk factors of PPD among Mexican adult women (Lara et al 2015; Lara et al 2016). Because the present study utilized self-report measures rather than clinical interviews, diagnosis of depression is not appropriate and analyses are restricted to depressive symptoms.…”

Association of postpartum depression and cesarean section: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…7 The burden of PPD in lower and middle-income countries is more than high-income countries. 8 There are two types of CS including elective and emergent. Elective CS is a medically unnecessary CS, where the pregnant women or her doctor requests this method for delivery.…”