Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major depressive disorder. Its symptoms begin 4 weeks after delivery. Several studies have evaluated the association of the type of delivery with PPD; however, there are controversies regarding this association. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to estimate the overall association between cesarean section (CS) and PPD. Methods: The international databases of Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE and Ovid were searched until May 2017. Quality assessment was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The pooled odds ratio in case-control and relative risk in cohort studies were used as the measures of association. A randomeffects model was applied for the report of the results with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 989 studies, 32 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The adjusted OR of the association between CS and PPD was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.34) and the crude odds ratio of this association was 1.36 (1.20, 1.55). The odds ratio of the association of elective and emergency CS and PPD was 1.29 (1.12, 1.49) and 1.36 (1.20, 1.55), respectively. In addition, the pooled relative risk of the association between CS and PPD was 1.22 (0.94, 1.58) in cohort studies. Conclusions: Based on the results of this meta-analysis, it seems CS, regardless of the type of cesarean, is a risk factor for PPD.

OBJECTIVES: Depression, which is the most common comorbidity in breast cancer (BC) patients, has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life, disease progress, and survival.METHODS: The protocol of this study was registered in PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42019121494). We electronically searched published studies through January 2019 with the aim of finding articles that investigated the prevalence of depression among BC survivors. Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched to obtain relevant published studies. This review included 14 cross-sectional and 4 cohort studies published from 2000 to 2018. We used a random-effects model to conduct the meta-analysis and generated a summary estimate for the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A subgroup analysis was also conducted based on the depression assessment tool used and the study design.RESULTS: The total sample size of the studies contained 2,799 women with BC, including 1,228 women who were diagnosed with depression. The pooled prevalence of depression among Iranian women with BC was 46.83% (95% CI, 33.77 to 59.88) with significant heterogeneity (I2 =98.5%; p<0.001). The prevalence of depression ranged from 14.00% (95% CI, 4.91 to 23.09) to 95.90% (95% CI, 91.97 to 99.83). The results of the subgroup analyses suggested that the depression assessment tool, year of publication, and study design were sources of heterogeneity.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a high prevalence of depression among BC patients, underscoring the urgent need for clinicians and health authorities to provide well-defined social and psychological supportive care programs for these patients.

Background: Depression is the most common mental disorder in individuals with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), and comorbidity with depression exacerbates the disease. Several studies have estimated the prevalence of depression in HIV and AIDS patients so far, but there is no consensus about the prevalence of depression among these patients. Thus, we aimed at estimating the overall prevalence of depression among Iranian PLWHA. Methods: The international and national databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Science Direct, MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex, and Medlib were searched until June 2016. The quality of included studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Out of 591 references, 9 cross-sectional studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The lowest and highest reported prevalence of depression among people with HIV was 22% (95% CI: (11, 33)) and 76% (95% CI: (71, 81)), respectively. Prevalence of depression in people with HIV in the north, west, and south of Iran was 45% (95% CI: (23, 67)), 30% (95% CI: (15, 45)), and 56% (95% CI: (35, 77)), respectively. Prevalence of depression among addict and non-addict patients was 25% (95% CI: (21, 30)) and 58% (95% CI: (40, 77)), respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this systematic review, the prevalence of depression is considerable among Iranian PLWHA. Prevalence in the southern regions of Iran is more than the western and northern regions of Iran. This evidence may be useful for Iranian health policymakers to design suitable preventive and therapeutic interventions in PLWHA to prevent and control depression among these people in Iran

Background. A strong link between morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus is reported by many studies. The present study estimated the pooled prevalence of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Material and methods. International scientific databases were searched until 15 April 2020. There was no limitation in time and language of the published papers. Quality assessment of studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. The random effects model was used to report the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. The pooled prevalence of diabetes in patients with COVID-19 was 14% (95% CI: 11.17). Due to high heterogeneity (I 2 of 93.4%, P < 0.001), three subgroups were analyzed based on study location, age and sex. The prevalence of diabetes (P) was higher among male patients (P = 16%, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.20), patients aged ≥ 65 years (P = 19%, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.31). The prevalence of diabetes was 15% (95% CI: 0.10, 0.20) among patients in Wuhan, China and 10% in patients in other cities in China (95% CI: 0.06, 0.15), and 39% in patients from other countries (95% CI: 0.04, 0.74). Conclusion. According to the results of this systematic review, the prevalence of diabetes in patients with COVID-19 is higher in other countries compared to China. The prevalence of diabetes among COVID-19 patients was also significantly higher in men and elderlies. This evidence may be useful for health policymakers to design suitable preventive and therapeutic interventions in patients with diabetes and COVID-19.

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