Prenatal and familial factors of caries in first permanent molars in schoolchildren living in urban area of Łódź, Poland

Correlation Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The remaining 29 full-text articles were further evaluated according to eligibility criteria. Ultimately, 11 studies were included in our qualitative synthesis (Figure 1) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Of these, 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis [14][15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…Ultimately, 11 studies were included in our qualitative synthesis (Figure 1) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Of these, 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis [14][15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23]. Two articles [Akinkugbe [13] and Julihn et al [18]] were excluded because their data sources overlapped with the other articles, and we selected the articles [Akinkugbe et al [14] and Julihn et al [19]] with larger sample size or more complete data.…”

“…The adverse effects of prenatal smoking on the health of offspring and the prevalence of childhood dental caries have led to hypothesis about a possible cause-and-effect relationship between them. Recently, although an increasing number of studies focused on the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood caries, their conclusions were not consistent [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Some studies suggested prenatal smoking could increase the risk of developing dental caries in children [13, 14, 16-19, 21, 22], while others did not observe any association between them [15,20,23].…”

“…Recently, although an increasing number of studies focused on the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood caries, their conclusions were not consistent [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Some studies suggested prenatal smoking could increase the risk of developing dental caries in children [13, 14, 16-19, 21, 22], while others did not observe any association between them [15,20,23]. These completely opposite results may be caused by various possible confounders because existing evidences suggest multiple factors like socioeconomic status, involuntary smoking, breastfeeding and its duration, maternal educational level and mode of delivery will affect the development of dental caries in children [19,[24][25][26][27][28].…”

Association between grandparent co-residence, socioeconomic status and dental caries among early school-aged children in Japan: A population-based prospective study

“…To date, research has largely focused on parents as they play the major role in dietary and oral hygiene behavioural acquisition in young children 5 . The study showed that parental socio-economic status, such as low maternal educational level and low household income level, and family structure, such as family size, single parent, and presence of an older sibling at home, are associated with increased risk of dental caries development 6–13 . In line with this endeavour of the association between social environment and paediatric dental caries, several studies reported that children aged 1.6 years old and 3 years old living with or looked after by grandparents were more likely to have dental caries 14–17 particularly in urban children 18 .…”