This paper presents an ethnographic analysis of a woman's interaction with staff members during the early stage of labor, focusing on the factors that shape the childbirth experience. The observational data were gathered in several hospitals as part of a study of the medical context of childbearing. The pa-The social-psychological and culturally patterned aspects of childbirth, a critical transition in women's lives, have received little clinical attention. A model for such research may be adapted from ethological studies of mammals that differentiate the multiple factors in parturition that affect maternal-infant bonding. 1-4 Bowden, et al., in particular have documented the behavior occurring during pregnancy, birth, and the initial mother-neonate contact period (in the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus). I The parallel first step of documenting human birth behavior in its "natural" cultural context, in this case in the typical U.S. hospital labor and delivery suite, is necessary for understanding the environmental factors affecting the childbearing experience.Sociological inquiry can illuminate the meaning of the birth event in a woman's life and, thereby, its effect on initial parental adaptation. In this paper, I present qualitative data on one important part of the birth experience, the content and style of interaction between the staff members and patients. Data derived from conversations during labor are examined for congruence versus conflict of interests between the laboring women and the staff experts for whom childbirth represents a series of work routines. After reporting some patterns of communication, the paper offers hypotheses about the quality of this interaction during labor and its influence on the transition to parenthood. This analysis of naturally occurring social behavior is considered as a pre- per presents a model of naturalistic inquiry into the transition to parenthood. Nurses and physicians are found to offer arbitrary, uniform, and often inappropriate responses to birthing women that may inhibit well-being. (Am J Public Health 69:895-901, 1979.) liminary step toward understanding the relative importance of the childbirth experience for the long-term well-being of the family.