Pregnancy and COVID-19: prevention, vaccination, therapy, and beyond

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has alarmed the world since its first emergence. As pregnancy is characterized by significant changes in cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and immunological systems, there are concerns on issues like the course of disease in pregnant women, safety of medications, route of delivery and risk of obstetric complications. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature in the management of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although more than 90% of pregnant women with COVID-19 recover without serious morbidity, rapid deterioration of disease and higher rates of obstetric complications may be observed. The risk of vertical transmission has not been clearly revealed, yet. Decreasing the number of prenatal visits, shortening the time allocated for the examinations, active use of telemedicine services, limiting the number of persons in health-care settings, combining prenatal tests in the same visit, restricting visitors during the visits, providing a safe environment in health-care facilities, strict hygene control and providing personal protective equipment during the visits are the main strategies to control the spread of disease according to current guidelines. Although new medication alternatives are being proposed every day for the treatment of COVID-19, our knowledge about the use of most of these drugs in pregnancy is limited. Preliminary results are promising for the administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the pregnant population. Timing of delivery should be decided based on maternal health condition, accompanying obstetric complications and gestational age. Cesarean delivery should be performed for obstetric indications. Breast feeding should be encouraged as long as necessary precautions for viral transmission are

Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnancy associated with COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis

“…However, the course of disease seems to be worse in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women of the same age. Although more than 90% of pregnant women with COVID-19 recover without serious morbidity, rapid deterioration of disease may be observed; especially symptomatic pregnant women have a higher risk for severe disease compared to the symptomatic non-pregnant women with COVID-19 2 , 7 , 8 .…”

Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 among Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses: A Systematic Review

“…Although the role of this drug in COVID-19 treatment is not well established, the immunomodulatory effect of azithromycin can slow down cytokine storm. Prolonged QT interval is one of the side effects of azithromycin, which should be handled for pregnant women with heart disease during pregnancy [ 156 ].…”

Neonatal outcomes related to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in French Guiana: A case-control study.

“…Indeed, pregnant women should be considered a population at risk for severe COVID-19. For this reason, public health agencies around the world now recommend that pregnant women receive the COVID-19 vaccine to reduce the risk of this virus to the mother and fetus [17] , [18] , [19] .…”