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Kidney transplantation (KT), the optimal treatment for stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), restores impaired fertility in most women of reproductive age. However, infertility occurs in some patients after successful KT. We present our own experience of overcoming secondary tubal infertility by in vitro fertilization (IVF). The patient was a 36-year-old with a transplanted kidney, who had lost two pregnancies in the past due to severe preeclampsia (PE). After the second attempt on cryo-thawed embryo transfer against the background of hormone replacement therapy, one embryo was transferred into the uterus, resulting in pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed in the first trimester, and a diet was prescribed. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus, azathioprine and methylprednisolone, prophylaxis of PE with low molecular weight heparin and antiplatelet drugs were administered during pregnancy. Elective cesarean section was performed at 37–38 weeks and a healthy boy was born, weighing 2760 g (25th percentile), 48 cm tall (36th percentile). A stay in the neonatal intensive care unit was not required. The baby is growing and developing normally, the mother’s renal graft function is satisfactory. So, IVF can be successfully used in post-KT patients with infertility issues, provided that the IVF program is carefully controlled, and the pregnancy is managed in a multidisciplinary manner.
Kidney transplantation (KT), the optimal treatment for stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), restores impaired fertility in most women of reproductive age. However, infertility occurs in some patients after successful KT. We present our own experience of overcoming secondary tubal infertility by in vitro fertilization (IVF). The patient was a 36-year-old with a transplanted kidney, who had lost two pregnancies in the past due to severe preeclampsia (PE). After the second attempt on cryo-thawed embryo transfer against the background of hormone replacement therapy, one embryo was transferred into the uterus, resulting in pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed in the first trimester, and a diet was prescribed. Immunosuppression with tacrolimus, azathioprine and methylprednisolone, prophylaxis of PE with low molecular weight heparin and antiplatelet drugs were administered during pregnancy. Elective cesarean section was performed at 37–38 weeks and a healthy boy was born, weighing 2760 g (25th percentile), 48 cm tall (36th percentile). A stay in the neonatal intensive care unit was not required. The baby is growing and developing normally, the mother’s renal graft function is satisfactory. So, IVF can be successfully used in post-KT patients with infertility issues, provided that the IVF program is carefully controlled, and the pregnancy is managed in a multidisciplinary manner.
Chronic kidney disease represents a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by changes in the kidneys structure and functions. It significantly increases the risks of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. These risks increase with worsening renal dysfunction corresponding to an increase in the degree of proteinuria and arterial hypertension. Anatomical and physiological changes in the kidneys during pregnancy are characterized by dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system, a decrease in systemic and renal vascular resistance, and an increase in the glomerular filtration rate. These clinically significant changes can complicate the diagnosis of the renal dysfunction, as well as its progression. Pregnancy can affect the kidney as it can manifest as declining kidney function, especially in the context of concomitant arterial hypertension and proteinuria, while chronic kidney disease, regardless of the stage, contributes to a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia, premature birth and fetal growth restriction. Optimization strategies of pregnancy outcomes include strict control of blood pressure, treatment of hypertension and proteinuria, and prevention of preeclampsia. The latter is difficult to diagnose in pregnant women with chronic kidney disease. Serum markers such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and placental growth factor may aid in definitive diagnosis. The choice of delivery mode in women with chronic kidney disease should be based on common obstetric indications. A multidisciplinary team, including an obstetrician-gynecologist, a nephrologist, an anaesthesiologist and a neonatologist, must focus on preconception medical care, antenatal care and treatment of pregnant women with chronic kidney disease for a successful pregnancy outcome.
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