Prediction of Injury Risk in Pedestrian Accidents Using Virtual Human Model VIRTHUMAN: Real Case and Parametric Study

The relationship between impact speed and the probability of pedestrian fatality during a vehicle-pedestrian crash: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…After excluding a further 37 articles for various reasons, 27 articles met the inclusion criteria. The primary reasons for excluding studies were as follows: the collected data was based on speed limits or speed zones only [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], the data was limited only to head impacts [31] or ground contact injuries [32], no injury or fatality data was used [33,34], the inability to compute an S-shaped risk curve [35][36][37][38][39][40], the study data was a subset of another included study [41][42][43][44][45][46], the collected data consisted of only fatal cases [47][48][49], the original full-text of the study was unavailable [50][51][52], the study was not focused on frontal impacts [53][54][55], the study used experimental data [56,57], the impact speed was not measured or included [58,59], and Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (n = 37)…”

Numerical Simulation of Tram Collision with Pedestrian

“…The model is developed by using a Multibody approach. The biggest advantage of this approach is a short computing time and easy positioning [11]. The individual parts of the body are usually created as a single rigid body, or are created as a conglomerate of few rigid bodies.…”

Utilization of the Validated Windshield Material Model in Simulation of Tram to Pedestrian Collision

“…Moreover, additional “breakable” joints are considered in lower extremities to include the possible fractures of both femur and tibia of the pedestrian in the collision scenario. The model has been validated extensively to ensure its boofidelity in the particular scenarios, connected mainly with the automotive industry [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. The basic reference model (50th percentile male) can be scaled using the parameters of height, weight, age and gender.…”

“…The model of the windshield is then utilized in the full model of the tram (its front part) and together with the numerical model of the human Virthuman, the collision scenarios can be simulated. The Virthuman model is a model of the human body validated under specified conditions [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], and it has been successfully used in automotive research for the specified collision scenarios in correspondence with the tram regulation [ 8 ], to help in the process of the development of the new tram design. As this regulation defines the scenario, in which, the new vehicle is tested, the aim was to prepare and test this model, whether is a suitable tool and can help in the development of the new and pedestrian safety tram.…”