Utilization of the Validated Windshield Material Model in Simulation of Tram to Pedestrian Collision

Špirk, Stanislav; Špička, Jan; Vychytil, Jan; Křížek, Michal; Stehlík, Adam

doi:10.3390/ma14020265

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Traffic injuries are a significant cause of death in the world 154 . The most common situations occur when driving while facing light, as when sunlight shines directly through the windshield into the eyes of the driver (pilot) and affects their vision.…”

Section: Strategies For Lc-based Light Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Zhang

Han

et al. 2023

Light Sci Appl

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With the development of optical technologies, transparent materials that provide protection from light have received considerable attention from scholars. As important channels for external light, windows play a vital role in the regulation of light in buildings, vehicles, and aircrafts. There is a need for windows with switchable optical properties to prevent or attenuate damage or interference to the human eye and light-sensitive instruments by inappropriate optical radiation. In this context, liquid crystals (LCs), owing to their rich responsiveness and unique optical properties, have been considered among the best candidates for advanced light protection materials. In this review, we provide an overview of advances in research on LC-based methods for protection against light. First, we introduce the characteristics of different light sources and their protection requirements. Second, we introduce several classes of light modulation principles based on liquid crystal materials and demonstrate the feasibility of using them for light protection. In addition, we discuss current light protection strategies based on liquid crystal materials for different applications. Finally, we discuss the problems and shortcomings of current strategies. We propose several suggestions for the development of liquid crystal materials in the field of light protection.

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Section: Strategies For Lc-based Light Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Zhang

Han

et al. 2023

Light Sci Appl

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“…Obtaining the loading condition directly from real measurements is the optimal approach [65]. Together, the four most critical load cases were used for structural analysis as the input for topology optimization (according to critical driving conditions).…”

Section: Specification Of Input Load Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Components with Topology Optimization for Direct Additive Manufacturing by DLMS

2023

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This paper presents a novel design methodology that validates and utilizes the results of topology optimization as the final product shape. The proposed methodology aims to streamline the design process by eliminating the need for remodeling and minimizing printing errors through process simulation. It also eliminates the repeated export and import of data between software tools. The study includes a case study involving the steering column housing of a racing car, where Siemens NX Topology Optimization was used for optimization, and verification analysis was conducted using the NX Nastran solver. The final solution was fabricated using AlSi10Mg via direct metal laser sintering on a 3D printer and successfully validated under real conditions. In conclusion, this paper introduces a comprehensive design methodology for the direct utilization of topology optimization, which was validated through a case study, yielding positive results.

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“…Important factors that increase the risk of accidents overall include an inadequate traffic layout (parked cars around tram tracks) and the use of headphones by pedestrians while walking on streets in conjunction with the very low sound emission of trams in the direction of travel [14][15][16]). The statistics also show that a pedestrian is most often (50% of all cases) hit by the right third of the tram's front closer to the right edge of the lane in the direction of travel (in countries with left-hand driving) [13,[17][18][19][20]. Currently, the development of trams is no longer the exclusive issue of manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 1: Historical Overview and Experimental-Data-Based Biomechanical Study of Head Clashing in Frontal and Side Impacts

Lopot,

Tomsovsky,

Marsik

et al. 2023

Sensors

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This article represents the first paper in a two-part series dealing with safety during tram–pedestrian collisions. This research is dedicated to the safety of trams for pedestrians during collisions and is motivated by the increased number of lethal cases. The first part of this paper includes an overview of tram face development from the earliest designs to the current ones in use and, at the same time, provides a synopsis and explanation of the technical context, including a link to current and forthcoming legislation. The historical design development can be characterised by three steps, from an almost vertical front face, to leaned and pointed shapes, to the current inclined low-edged windshield without a protruding coupler. However, since most major manufacturers now export their products worldwide and customisation is only of a technically insignificant nature, our conclusions are generalisable (supported by the example of Berlin). The most advantageous shape of the tram’s front, minimising the effects on pedestrians in all collision phases, has evolved rather spontaneously and was unprompted, and it is now being built into the European Commission regulations. The goal of the second part of this paper is to conduct a series of tram–pedestrian collisions with a focus on the frontal and side impacts using a crash test dummy (anthropomorphic test device—ATD). Four tram types approaching the collision at four different impact speeds (5 km/h, 10 km/h, 15 km/h, and 20 km/h) were used. The primary outcome variable was the resultant head acceleration. The risk and severity of possible head injuries were assessed using the head injury criterion (HIC15) and its linkage to the injury level on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The results showed increasing head impacts with an increasing speed for all tram types and collision scenarios. Higher values of head acceleration were reached during the frontal impact (17–124 g) compared to the side one (2–84 g). The HIC15 values did not exceed the value of 300 for any experimental setting, and the probability of AIS4+ injuries did not exceed 10%. The outcomes of tram–pedestrian collisions can be influenced by the ATD’s position and orientation, the impact speed and front-end design of trams, and the site of initial contact.

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Utilization of the Validated Windshield Material Model in Simulation of Tram to Pedestrian Collision

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Optimization of Components with Topology Optimization for Direct Additive Manufacturing by DLMS

Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 1: Historical Overview and Experimental-Data-Based Biomechanical Study of Head Clashing in Frontal and Side Impacts

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